Compare And Contrast Juvenile Delinquency Prevention

It is a common believe that adolescents require a special system thru which be processed because they are â€Å"youth who are in a transitional stage of development†¦young offenders that are neither innocent children nor mature adults†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nelson, 2012). Because juveniles are in a process of constant development sociologically, psychologically and physiologically, the juvenile court system focuses on alternative sentences and the creation of programs that will offer them rehabilitation instead of incarceration. However, in cases of extraordinary circumstances, the juvenile system shifts from looking at rehabilitation as a first choice to accountability and punishment (Read, n.d). All levels of society are collectively involved in delinquency†¦show more content†¦It involves the participation of families, and communities as well as police and courts. Home confinement and electronic monitoring description (for the purpose of this paper it will be implied that whenever referring to home confinement, electronic monitoring will be part of it): Home confinement is often a resource used by the United States Department of Justice to facilitate supervision of the offender during pretrial and probation (Hofer Meierhofer, 1987, p 7). It facilitates the pretrial process because it ensures the offender will fulfill his or her responsibility to court because the juvenile’s very movements are being electronically monitored. In addition, it facilitates probation compliance because it requires the offender to remain in his or her abode. However, home confinement is not limited to keeping the offender at home at all times. It is an intensive supervision program that varies in the strictness of supervision depending on the type of offender. This alternative to incarceration can be easily modified to allow juveniles to attend school, go to work, attend recreational or extracurricular activities, etc. Home confinement has three different levels of restrictions: Curfew, home detention and home incarceration. Curfew, obliges offenders to be at their home during specific hours. Home Detention is more severe than curfew. It offers greater control over the offender and it requiresShow MoreRelatedWhy People Commit The Crime Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesCriminological theory is the explanation of criminal behavior, as well as the behavior of juveniles, attorneys, prosecutors, judges, correctional personnel, victims, and other actors in the criminal justice process. Criminological theory is important because most of what is done in criminal justice is based on criminological theory, whether we or the people who propose and implement policies based on the theory know it or not. In criminology, examining why people commit the crime is very importantRead MoreEarly Intervention and Juvenile Delinquency Prevention: Evidence from the Chicago Longitudinal Study2633 Words   |  11 PagesEarly Intervention and Juvenile Delinquency Prevention: Evidence from the Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS) (Mann, E. A., Reynolds, A. J., 2006). The Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS) was a quasi-experimental design study which investigated the role of Child-Parent Center (CPC), early education intervention (independent variable) and child, family, peer and school-level predictors on court-reported juvenile delinquency (dependent variable). The predictor variables used have been supported throughRead More The Development of Childhood Throughout History Essay3065 Words   |  13 Pageswere rarely enforced, and many children continued to be subjected to unfair treatment. (Siegel 15) Before the 20th Century children were treated with extreme cruelty in the home, school and by law enforcement. There was little difference between juvenile and adult offenders and both children and adults were eligible for the same type punishment. As society became more aware and sensitive to the needs of children, treatment of these children changed and it became apparent that these children formedRead MoreThe Issue Of Juvenile Delinquency2653 Words   |  11 Pages The issue of Juvenile Delinquency has always been of great concern to society and due to the perceived notion that the nation’s future depends on the development of its youth, understanding the factors that cause them to commit criminal activities will help identify what leads youth to turn towards crime and the circumstances that influence them commit criminal behaviour (Shoemaker, 2010). Modern culture is constantly bombarded with the belief system of economic wealth and successRead MoreCompare and Contrast Order Maintenance Responsibilities1136 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast Order Maintenance Responsibilities Laura Jones 4/23/2013 Grantham University Abstract From ancient times to present day order maintenance has been something that has been needed to keep order within communities, tribes and even countries. Order of Maintenance the process in which police departments attempt to present order in our society. Police from every corner of the earth use these procedures just maintain it in different ways and have done so for many years. Read MoreEssay about Functional Literacy in High School Students1422 Words   |  6 Pagesbody of text and draw conclusions about the text †¢ Using arithmetic when not explicitly needed Ex: Identify specific location on a map, Compare cost of two items Level Three †¢ Understand, summarize, and explain themes complicated literature †¢ Make complex inferences †¢ Apply information from one source to use in another Ex: Reading charts Compare and contrast themes in two bodies of work Level Four †¢ Analyze and draw conclusions from multiple text †¢ Use arithmetic to solve multistep problems Read MoreReview For Exam 22476 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Women and Crime CCJ 4670 REVIEW FOR EXAM 2 Review the Key Terms at the end of each chapter. Lecture 5 – Delinquency across the Life Span 1. Describe Claussen’s classic study of children of the Great Depression and its findings. 2. Define â€Å"turning point.† -involves a gradual or dramatic change which may lead to a modification, reshaping, or transition from one state, condition, or phase to another 3. Describe the various explanations for the age of desistance from crime. As age increasesRead MoreSimilarities and Differences in Juvenile and Adult Justice Systems1878 Words   |  8 PagesSimilarities and Differences in Juvenile and Adult Justice Systems When a juvenile is arrested and charged with committing a crime there are many different factors that will come in to play during the course of his arrest, trial, conviction, sentencing, and rehabilitation process. In the past we tried all criminals as adults. There was no distinction made between adult and child. Over the years we have come to realize the need to separate these two groups, as they are two distinctly differentRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Counselling, Clinical, And School Psychology1502 Words   |  7 Pagesquality of life. As a psychology student, difficulty may arise in selecting an area of specialization for many reasons. It can be a concern of day to day duties, status, or the process of getting qualified. For this reason, the researcher will compare and contrast three (3) major areas of specializations that people find confusing - clinical psychology, school psychology, and counselling psychology. While there are stark differences between these three (3) fields in psychology, they managed to have significantRead MoreHow We See Ourselves And Our Abilities2244 Words   |  9 Pagesconsider themselves failing at all. Instead, they believed that they were learning. Dweck (2006) discovered that people hold different mindsets that contribute to their human nature. This paper proposal focuses on the experiences and mindsets of juvenile delinquents that were enrolled in various Scared Straight programs throughout the United States. Its potential findings could be applicable to those who are currently or have been incarcerated in the United States prison system. Mindsets A relatively

How Did the Cold War Begin - 2713 Words

Alicia B. Vaughner | How Did the Cold War Begin? | | | POL 300 027016*201004 | Strayer University | | How Did the Cold War Begin? No one seems to be able to agree on an exact date of when the Cold War began. There was never an official announcement of warfare to note the start beginning of the conflict. The cause of the Cold War stems from many causes. However, it was mainly due to conflict between the United States and the then Soviet Union. â€Å"Both the United States and the Soviet Union had been born in revolution. Both embraced ideologies with global aspirations: what worked at home, their leaders assumed, would also do for the rest of the world.† (Gaddis, 2005, p 7) Both were well ahead of other countries in many†¦show more content†¦The Soviet section became the Communist-governed German Democratic Republic, and the sections that had been dominated by France, Great Britain and the United States was now known has the Federal Republic of Germany. (Maus p 15) Basically, the Cold War era had been put into motion by those three conferences that were held by the Allies leaders by separat ing Europe into two parts. â€Å"Whether one points the finger at the Soviet Union or the United States, the early explanations for the origins of the conflict were essentially extensions of the political atmosphere of their time.† (Hanhimaki amp; Westard, 2003 p ix) The division of the United States and the Soviet Union had not really began in the early part of 1946, but progress during the following few years pretty much promised a long era of animosity among the two countries. â€Å"Not only was Truman siding openly with the more anti-Communist voices in his government, but Soviet actions in the rest of the world seemed to justify the opinions of those who believed that peaceful coexistence with the Soviets was impossible.† (Maus, 2003, p 16 The problem with all of this is that you cannot force people to do what you want them to do. Trying to force a nation or many nations to change their way of life isShow MoreRelatedWwii And The Cold War875 Words   |  4 PagesWWII and the Cold War were two very important wars in the history of the world. They both had a important role in the development of the world. The Cold War impacted society and politics more so than WWII by aiding countries in hopes of making them join their regime, the use of propaganda techniques to portray the other superpower as weak, the fear of annihilation due to nuclear weapons, and the war between communism and democracy. After WWII, much of Europe was left in ruins and millions of peopleRead MoreSignificance Of The Manhattan Project And Nuclear Threat On Australia And The War1636 Words   |  7 PagesAustralia and the War Sub-questions – - What was the Cold War? - Who were the inventers of the bomb? And what did they do after? - What was the significance of the bomb to the war and Australia? - The Expectation of the first Nuclear War - Nuclear Threat having impact on Australia? Word Count = 1191 What was the Cold War? The Cold War was the name of the relationship between the United States of America, and Post-1977 Russia after the end of World War II. The Cuban Missile crisis, Hungarian War, VietnamRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : The Cold War1323 Words   |  6 PagesWars have been going on since the beginning of time, whether it is fighting for your religions, fighting for land, and fighting for your rights and freedoms. Some wars cause dramatic amounts of deaths, but the Cold War resulted in none. The reason there were no deaths is due to the fact that the Cold War was just that, cold. The conflicts never heated up enough per say to cause a real war. Though the Cold war itself wasn’t a war fought in battle, there were parts caused by it such as the Korean WarRead MoreThe Battle of Cold Harbor1730 Words   |  7 PagesThe Battle of Cold Harbor in spring of 1864 was one of General Ulysses S. Grant’s worst offensive defeats during the Civil War. Grant failed to describe his mis sion command to his subordinate, direct his units to correct movement, understand his operational environment, and lead his army with a coordinated plan. Grant had a stronger, bigger, and better-equipped army than his enemy, but his failure in the mission command process led to fatal mistakes before and during the battle. Due to failedRead MoreA Brief Look at the Bosnian Genocide Essay947 Words   |  4 Pagessomething that very few people have knowledge on. I think that events that occur like this should be recognized. In order to notice this specific incidence lets begin at the beginning of the genocide, conclusion of the cold war. 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These two super powers were the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the United States beginning in 1947. The Cold War happened relatively soon after the Second World War. Why did the Cold War begin? In 1947, the Cold War began and it was due to various reasons. Some historians believed that the bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused the Cold War. In addition, the United St ates president duringRead MoreWhy Did The Industrial Revolution Begin?1535 Words   |  7 Pages Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain? One reason is because Britain had relatively high income and GDP per capita. Londoners at the time had one of the highest incomes in the entire world, the income was high way before industrialization. By Britain having a high income created a population with disposable income for the products like clothing produced in factories, and commodity products that supported trade in the 17th and 18th centuries. Second reason is because Britain was relativelyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Fletcher Memorial Home 1288 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand how they were feeling and their opinions on the situations occurring at that time. Fletcher Memorial Home by Pink Floyd is from the album The Final Cut. This album was released after the band’s album The Wall. At first most people believed that this was a continuation of the previous album and that it would have the same feel that The Wall had (Jasper). The Final Cut had more serious music that had a totally different tone that the band’s previous music. The Final Cut focuses on the Cold War

Methodology of the Research Process Essay Sample free essay sample

There are surveies and research every bit good as research methods that have been used to carry on research on childhood fleshiness. and the ways that parents and wellness attention suppliers can forestall it. The survey and surveies have been and are conducted on kids from babies to age 12. Childhood fleshiness is a turning concern for baby doctors and parents. There are about 10 % of kids who are younger than five and two old ages who are corpulent. The survey is to assist decide fleshiness in children/childhood fleshiness and assist the wellness attention decision makers to happen ways to assist conflict this disease with methodological analysis steps. The intent for this survey is to turn up preventive steps for fleshiness in kids. and supply ways to help the medical professionals in supplying attention that is and will be needed. Many of the research inquiries address ways that baby doctors could forestall fleshiness by educating parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Methodology of the Research Process Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of the inquiries were besides directed at mas that breastfeed their babes to keep a healthy weight. Last but decidedly non least. there were inquiries about the sweetened sweetened drinks which are given to kids. The job the survey was conducted to decide was the issues with fleshiness in kids. This job is of import for wellness attention decision makers to analyze because. the wellness attention decision makers want to happen ways to forestall and assist parents of corpulent kids to understand the jobs with fleshiness and to educate the populace about fleshiness in kids every bit good as provide effectual attention. It has been found through research that corpulent kids are twice at hazard of holding more reported medical. developmental or mental conditions compared to other kids that are non overweight. The hypothesis is identified by the CDC growing curves for the immature patients and conducted on babes that had been breastfed and 1s that were non. This survey was conducted for four months. The hypothesis is. by enforcing external cues. the feeder is basically overruling the infants’ innate ability to find when. what. and how much nutrient to devour. Babies and yearlings that are l eft entirely accommodate their consumption to energy content of nutrient. This is a natural ordinance and is dampened when they are encouraged to make things like cleaning their home base ( Acknowledging and forestalling childhood fleshiness. 2011 ) . An illustration would be a bottled Federal baby who pushes the bottle off or turn his or her caput off during their eating may be alarming the feeder that they are full and. they should non be expected to empty their bottle. There have been a figure of hypotheses proposed. Differential fat deposition comes from endocrinal responses to breast milk as opposed to formula. Some besides province that spirits of nutrient can come through in the chest milk. which can take to low degrees of â€Å"pickiness† in childhood. Although this survey is based on fleshiness it besides covers birth weight. early infant growing. breastfeeding. pregnancy/prenatal. etc. . the survey is about childhood fleshiness. The independent and dependent variables in this survey has shown that the research is non able to insulate the effects of a individual factor. because the co-linearity of the variables and the research restraints. A specific cause for the addition prevalence of childhood fleshiness which i s non clear and set uping causality is hard since longitudinal research in this country is limited. The conceptual models and theoretical theoretical accounts that were used in this childhood fleshiness research bar had the Trans-theoretical theoretical account. societal cognitive theory. wellness belief theoretical account and socio-ecological theoretical accounts. These theoretical accounts were used to supply the bases for the survey that would step in on a choice figure of modifiable variables. The theoretical theoretical account accounted for less than 50 per centum of the discrepancy that resulted from behavior alteration intercessions. The literature reappraisal supports the demand for this survey by foregrounding the sum of surveies that has suggested that advertisement influence dietary and other nutrient picks in kids that probably contributed to energy instability and weight addition. The survey found that kids three old ages of age that there hebdomadal telecasting screening was related to the thermal consumption and petitions and parents purchases of nutrients that the kids saw on telecasting advertizements. The survey design that was used in this survey was experimental designs that included randomized controlled tests which stratified random assignment was used and surveies in which the method of assignment that was non specified. The survey where the corpulent kids were provided with exercising plans or a plan that was compared to no exercising conditions that were controlled included merely if the intent of the intercession was weight loss. Follow-up periods were from 15 yearss to one hundred and 20 months. Meta-analysis of nine surveies that consisted of 69. 000 kids or more found that breastfeeding was â€Å"inversely associated with future childhood fleshiness ( Dolinsky. Siegariz. Perrin. Armstrong A ; . 2011 ) . Then there was a meta-analysis. another 1 that evaluated twenty nine surveies. which found that suckling kids had odds that were lower for future fleshiness that was compared to formula fed kids. Based on this survey the â€Å"Recognizing and forestalling childhood obesity† Con impermanent Pediatrics it seems as though the topics for this survey were non noted in the article. and the organisations that the information was collected from is every bit follows. although there was research done to turn up the information nevertheless. the information was based on several beginnings: birth informations – critical statistics files – Missouri and Wisconsin. The information for nothing to five month old kids came from the Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System and informations of kids two to three months old and older was received from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Childhood fleshiness survey and other surveies portion ways that parents and health care suppliers can assist to forestall this on-going job. This study/research and other research methods that have been used to carry on research related to childhood fleshiness gave some penetration into the different variables in independent and independent survey that perchance found ways to forestall childhood fleshiness. The hypothesis was used in this survey. promoting baby doctors to inquire more inquiries about the diet and drink consumption of kids. The model showed that babes who are breast Federal over the age of six months are more than probably non to be corpulent in their approaching old ages. Formula fed babies under the age of six months are more than probably to be corpulent as they reach adulthood. Many research inquiries did address ways that baby doctors could forestall fleshiness. particularly by educating parents. Mentions Dolinsky. D. . Siegariz. A. . Perrin. E. . Armstrong. S. . A ; . ( 2011 ) . Contemporary paediatricss. ( pp. 32-42 ) . Department of the interior: Phoenix EBSCO Library Acknowledgingand forestalling childhood fleshiness Dolinsky DH ; Siegariz AM ; Perrin E ; Armstrong SC ; Contemporary Pediatrics. 2011 Jan ; 28 ( 1 ) : 32-42 ( journal article – pictorial. reappraisal. tables/charts ) ISSN: 8750-0507

Much Ado About Nothing Essays (578 words) - English-language Films

Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing In Much Ado About Nothing, most of the characters had interesting relationships with each other. For example, Hero and Claudio, were deeply in love. Also, Don Juan, and Don John were fighting with each other. Another example was the close friendship between Benedick, Claudio, and Don Juan. But the relationship between Benedick and Beatrice was different than the others. In their relationship, they hated each other, that brought them together. Their personalities were so similar, that it made them sick of each other, but the similarities in their personalities is also what brought them together. Benedick was a smart, good-looking, and funny guy. He was very witty, and always had a response to anyone's comments. For example, when he was talking to Beatrice, he always had a comment to finish of the conversation. He also didn't like the idea of marriage. Benedick thought that marriage led to the trapping of men. When he heard about Claudio getting married, Benedick thought that Claudio was crazy, because Benedick felt that marriage was going to change the way Claudio lived. Benedick was also very stubborn. He never wanted to give into other people's ideas, and that was why he didn't want to give into the idea that marriage could be a good thing in a person's life. Beatrice was a character very similar to Benedick. She was a very independent person, and didn't want to rely on anyone for support. She also was very smart. She enjoyed reading poetry, and thought about things a lot. She also was against marriage. During one conversation, she even said that she would rather die than get married. Another characteristic of Beatrice was that she was very emotional. She often changed her mood all of a sudden for no apparent reason. Also, Beatrice kept many of her feelings inside her. Sometimes she would be angry but wouldn't show it,because she always had to feel strong, and look like she didn't need anyone. The traits and characteristics of Beatrice and Benedick were what brought them together, and also what separated them. Beatrice and Benedick were separated because, they always thought that they had to be independent, and not need each other. Another factor that kept them from coming together was that they always fought with each other. In trying to seem strong, they were actually fighting with each other, and hurting each other's feelings. The final thing that kept Benedick and Beatrice from coming together was that they both thought that marriage was a stupid institution. If neither of them wanted to get married, it would be very hard for them to have a relationship. Some factors brought Benedick and Beatrice together though. First, they never got bored of each other. Because they disagreed on many issues, and were both able to argue well, Secondly, Benedick and Beatrice had very similar personalities. They both were strong and independent. They both were against marriage, and both were happier alone, or so they thought. Finally Benedick and Beatrice needed each other. They would be bored and somewhat lonely if they didn't have each other around, even if they were arguing. Benedick and Beatrice both had very strong personalities, and for a while it kept them from coming together. Both of them were independent, and thought that marriage was for the birds. But really both of them were lonely, but hiding it in order to look strong, and eventually with a little help, they realized that love and marriage were a great thing. Also, they both were so similar that they were the perfect match but didn't want to admit it, and when they finally did they were much happier.

Questionnaire on CSP Essay Example

Questionnaire on CSP Essay Example Questionnaire on CSP Essay Questionnaire on CSP Essay Questionnaire on CSP BY swati09061990 Questionnaire Dear respondent, As a part of MBA curriculum, I am conducting a study on . You are requested to please cooperate by providing relevant information. I assure you that information will be kept confidential and will be used for study purpose only. Thank you Name What is your occupation? Government employee Semi Government employee Working in MNC Other institutions and Corporate A. Do you have a salary account (CSP)? Yes No B. If yes, in which bank you are maintaining your salary account? SBI Bank sank Other nationalised banks Deutsche Bank Axis Bank Other C. Why you opted a particular bank for opening salary account ? My hr department told me to open in a particular banks branch Already maintained account before joining the service Bank/branch is nearer to my office Bank/branch approached me to open an account D. Does your bank provide you zero balance facility? E. Does your bank provide you an overdraft facility through your salary account? If yes, than for how much time 1 month 2 month 3 montn According to the requirement F. Is there any facility of maintaining the same account number even if you have ransferred your account to any other branch? G. What is the maximum cash withdrawal per day from your ATM? 100000 H. If applied for Car/Housing loan, what were the rates of EMI provided? Did you find High Low l. Do you have free internet banking? J. Have your bank provided you any free insurance facility with your salary account? K. Do you have free mobile banking? L. How would you rate the overall quality of your relationship with SBI for CSP considering all of your experiences with them? Would you say it is? Very Good Fair Poor M. In the case of suitability of CSP, which bank would you prefer? ICICI Others (Name N. Do you feel that your bank/branch gives you more attention than any other customer? Yes Hasnt felt the difference O. Are you aware about all the advantages of your CSP account? Yes P. Do you have any instrument/card/pass book/cheque book etc. which indicates that you have CSP account (privileged that you have more powerful account than any other account) Yes Have not recognised the difference Q. Transacting through net banking/ATM , have you observed that your bank gives ou special attention/welcome for maintaining CSP? Yes No answer R. Are you getting concession from your bank in any credit facility? Yes On Demand S. Which advantage of your salary account you rate on top ? Credit facility Services Concessions T. And, in case of long term which bank would you choose? otners (Name U. Do you agree with the after services provided by SBI for CSP are best as compared to other banks? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree V. Which bank would you recommend to your corporate friends for CSP? ICICI THANKYOU

Pierre Curie - Biography and Achievements

Pierre Curie - Biography and Achievements Pierre Curie was a French physicist, physical chemist, and Nobel laureate. Most people are familiar with his wifes accomplishments (Marie Curie), yet dont realize the importance of Pierres work. He pioneered scientific research in the fields of magnetism, radioactivity, piezoelectricity, and crystallography. Heres a brief biography of this famous scientist and a list of his most notable achievements. Birth: May 15, 1859 in Paris, France, son of Eugene Curie and Sophie-Claire Depouilly Curie Death: April 19, 1906 in Paris, France in a street accident. Pierre was crossing a street in the rain, slipped, and fell under a horse-drawn cart. He died instantly from a skull fracture when a wheel ran over his head. It is said Pierre tended to be absent-minded and unaware of his surroundings when he was thinking. Claim to Fame: Pierre Curie and his wife  Marie  shared half the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Henri Becquerel for their research into radiation.Pierre also received the Davy Medal in 1903. He was awarded the Matteucci Medal in 1904 and the Elliot Cresson Medal in 1909 (posthumously).Pierre and Marie also discovered the elements  radium  and  polonium.He also co-discovered the piezoelectric effect with his brother Jacques. The piezoelectric effect is where compressed crystals give off an electric field. In addition, Pierre and Jacques found crystals could deform when subjected to an electrical field. They invented the Piezoelectric Quartz Electrometer to aid in their investigations.Pierre developed a scientific instrument called the Curie Scale so that he might take accurate data.For his doctoral research, Pierre examined magnetism. He formulated a description of the relationship between temperature and magnetism that became known as Curies law, which uses a constant known as the Curie constant. He found there was a critical temperature above which ferromagnetic materials lose their behavior. That transition temperature is known as the Curie point. Pierres magnetism research is considered among his greatest contributions to science. Pierre Curie was a brilliant physicist. He is considered one of the founders of the field of modern physics.Pierre proposed the Curie Dissymmetry Principle, which states that a physical effect cannot have dissymmetry separate from its cause.The element curium, atomic number 96, is named in honor of Pierre and Marie Curie.Pierre and his student were the first to discover nuclear energy from heat emitted by radium. He observed radioactive particles might carry a positive, negative, or neutral charge. More Facts About Pierre Curie Pierres father, a doctor, provided his early education. Pierre earned a math degree at age 16 and had completed the requirements for a higher degree by age 18. He could not immediately afford to pursue his doctorate, so he worked as a lab instructor.Pierres friend, physicist Jozef Wierusz-Kowalski, introduced him to Marie Sklodowska. Marie became Pierres lab assistant and student. The first time Pierre proposed to Marie, she refused him, eventually agreeing to marry him on July 26, 1895.Pierre and Marie were the first to use the word radioactivity. A unit used to measure radioactivity, the Curie, is named in honor of either Marie or Pierre or both of them (a point of argument among historians).Pierre was interested in the paranormal, as he believed it might help him understand physics better and especially magnetism. He read books on spiritualism and attended seances, viewing them as scientific experiments. He took careful notes and measurements, concluding some phenomena he witnesse d did not appear to be faked and could not be explained. Pierre and Maries daughter Irene and son-in-law Frederic Joliot-Curie were physicists who studied radioactivity and also received Nobel prizes. The other daughter, Eve, was the only member of the family who was not a physicist. Eve wrote a biography about her mother, Marie. Pierre and Maries granddaughter Helene is a nuclear physics professor and grandson Pierre is a biochemist. Their parents were Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie.  Pierre Joliot is named for Pierre Curie.

News letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News letter - Assignment Example To be clear, it is the individual’s mental state, not the method, which counts towards attaining ASC. Still, for the sake of discussion, below are the methods that aid in altering the state of consciousness. 1. Relaxation – This involves free or unrestrained body movements. Unrestrained movements are believed to reflect free emotional expression. It is also believed that muscular blocks causes repression. 2. Massage – This is used for stress-related behavior disorders. It is believed to have an impact on the consciousness. The assumption believes that behavior is manifested in the physical body. Body structure is influenced by attitude. Changes in muscle thickness and length are also caused by emotions. 3. Dance – Every dance is believed to have an impact on consciousness as well. Special dances like the Tai Chi Ch’uan of China and the Sufi dance are thought to promote physical and mental health, and facilitate alteration of consciousness. 5. Breathing - Deep breathing aids in relaxation due to its rhythm’s connection with the mind. Its rhythm is dependent on the state of consciousness. Breathing control also allows an individual to control the mind.. 6. Expressive Techniques – Allowing expression of anger in controlled environment (anger therapy) also aids in relaxation and tension release (Grosklags, 2006, p 47). However, it has to be done with caution as overdoing it could result in more aggressive behavior due to more negative emotions. The second set of methods involves two social activities. The first one is the manipulation of social factors. This method involves total withdrawal from society and change in social functioning (McKay, 2006, p 21). The second method is alteration of social relationships. It is said that when people interact, there is a potential growth (McKay, 2006, p 23). From this viewpoint, maladjustment or suffering could result in greater maturity or development in the end. Changes in social values can aid in

Selected Motets by Josquin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Selected Motets by Josquin - Essay Example Josquin probably born in France across the border from Hainaut (modern day Belgium) which then belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. According to the article "Josquin des Prez" which was written by Lora Matthews and Paul Merkley, and was published in The Journal Of Musicology, Summer 1998, "des Prez" was a nickname, and Josquin's family name was "Lebloitte". Josquin was often identified as a singer in the Cathedral of Milan in 1459 (Josquin des Pres 1), however, recent information reveals that Josquin did not go to Italy until the early 1480s (Josquin des Prez 3) Some records state that he became a choirboy in the collegiate church of Saint Quentin. His very first lessons in counterpoint were probably given by Johannes Ockeghem, whom he greatly admired throughout his lifetime. This experienced at Saint Quentin are thought to be the composer's foundation of his later connections with French Royal Chapel (Josquin des Pres 4). Josquin's first definite record of employment reveals that he was a singer at the chapel of Rene, Duke of Anjou in Aix-en Province. Scholars speculate that he may have transferred to Paris along with the rest of the chapel in 1948. Josquin became a member of the papal choir under Pope Innocent VIII. He spent the late 1490s in France probably in the service of Louis XII and probably stayed there until 1503 when Duke Ercole I of Ferrara hired him for the chapel there. Josquin was then forced to return to Italy (Josquin des Prez 5). During his stay in Ferrara, Josquin wrote his more famous pieces such as the Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae and the setting of Misserere, Psalm 50, for five voices, widely acknowledged as one of his masterpieces. However, his stay in Ferrara lasted only for a year as he went to his hometown in Conde to evade the outbreak of the plague. He reaped immense fame in his hometown until his death in 1521 (Josquin des Prez 6). His Compositions Josquin's works include a variety of musical compositions ranging from masses, mass fragments, motets and chansons. From the list of his work, we can say that he is a prolific composer as he was able to write 19 masses, seven mass fragments, 60 motets, and 66 chansons (Josquin des Prez 7). Selected Motets A motet is a polyphonic composition based on a plain song. In fact, the Latin word for motet describes the movement of the different voices against one another. According to Margaret Bent (1997), "'a piece of music in several parts with words' is as precise a definition of the motet as will serve from the thirteenth to the late sixteenth century and beyond. This is actually very close to one of the earliest descriptions we have, that of the late thirteenth-century theorist Johannes de Grocheio (qtd. in Motet 2)." Ave Verum Josquin's motet, Ave Verum is typically used in the Holy Communion and Feasts of the Blessed Sacrament. As with his other musical compositions, this motet was written in Latin text (Ave Verum1). Analysis Set in three voices rooted in the traditional Gregorian communion hymn, this motet "paraphrases

Gas and Soft Drinks Essay Example for Free

Gas and Soft Drinks Essay 1- That would be inelastic. Even though people gripe about the rising prices, that doesnt stop people from stopping by the gas pumps to fill up. Elastic is more like candy bars or soda; if priced at 50 cents, there will be high demand, but if the price rises to 2 dollars, the demand will go down. Because there are many alternative brands for Coca Cola that have more or less the same taste. When the price of coca cola rises, demand decreases because consumers will find alternative brands that taste the same but at a lower price, therefore demand is elastic. Demand for soft drink as a whole is inelastic because whether or not the price increases/decreases, demand would not decrease/increase by a whole lot, since its the consumers preferred choice of drinks (just like milk is inelastic). Just because the price increases, doesnt mean that consumers will start to drink water all the time, theyll just drink less amounts of soft drink than usual (and vice versa). Elastic means by increasing the price, the demand for that product decreases as well. For example when the price of lamb increases, people will shift to chicken. We say the demand for lamb is elastic. Inelastic means, no matter how much the price changes, people still use it and the demand doesnt change a lot. Same as your example, Although the oil price increases, but the demand for oil didnd decrease. 2-petrol is also sold from especialy designed petrol pumps which costly to buld and operate . in the other hand coke and soft carbonated drinks is sold everywhere and can be sold to anyway and any gae. patrol selling you must be an adult and hold a drivers licience . Gas in the long term has higher elasticity of demand. meaning since in short term people do not have much choice,so they consume whatever is available at whatever price. 3- the coke is advertosed on over hundered tv channels around the world and it is the best known trademark in the world is sold in about one hundred and forty countries to 5. 8 billion people in eight different languguages . The cross price elasity of demand would be for the coca cola since the demand for it is growing A third example of cross-price elasticity is between Coke and Pepsi. If the price of Coke increases by 10%, then the demand for Pepsi will increase by 20%. This results in a cross price elasticity between the two of 2. Like the example above, these two would be substitues since the cross-price elasticity is greater than zero. http://mbaecon. wikispaces. com/file/view/cross_2. gif/30502983/cross_2. gif.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases :: Essays Papers

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Perhaps the most prominently clashing border in the world is where the world’s super power lays beside a depressed country. The United States and Mexico has formed a very unique border culture where opposites must live together. The border stretching nearly two thousand miles is increasing in growth causing the already prevalent problems of drought, unemployment, pollution and peso devaluation only to engrave themselves deeper into Mexican culture. Now sexually transmitted diseases have added to the complicated web along the border. Sexually transmitted diseases are a threat that faces women of any ethnicity. Even with the increasing number of the various forms of contraception, venereal diseases are still abundant. In the United States, awareness programs implemented in schools and health clinics have produced an increase in having protected sex and therefore a decrease in sexually transmitted diseases. The success has been phenomenal and it has been proven that educat ion is the key for a healthier population. Unfortunately, Mexico has taken nearly the opposite effect. Faced with economic depression, Mexican women are battling teen pregnancy, venereal diseases and HIV infection at an alarmingly higher rate than the U.S. Mexican women have a lack of resources to help them understand the diseases, sexual awareness programs are scarce and ignorance is to blame. Ultimately, it narrows on two causes: the fact that Mexico is poverty-stricken and the cultural beliefs concerning condom use and family planning. The epitome of the American super power versus Mexican’s depressant state is the formation of the maquiladoras in Mexico. Maquiladoras are â€Å"American owned plants that depend on the nimble fingers for rapid assembly of parts that are shipped back to the U.S. (Carnegie Corporation 2)." Parts such as toys, sunglasses, garage door openers are assembled daily. It is advantageous for the U.S. because tiny, cumbersome, tedious work is accomplished by cheap labor. It can be argued that it is advantageous for Mexico as well in the sense that it provides thousands of jobs, but women in the maquilas are sexually harassed, depressed and taken advantaged of. While this report does not focus on the maquiladoras, their behavior must be examined because it is these factories that define and represent the border. Generally, maquila workers have less education, averaging a total of 7.3 schooling years, a low income, averaging $1.

Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

The United States has several laws that are intended to further fair, balanced, and competitive practices. I do feel that these laws are effective in many ways. Some of those ways I will pin point in the next few paragraphs. These laws include some major concepts of law. Some of these major concepts include torts, contracts, property transactions, patents, trademarks, copyrights, and bankruptcy. These laws were made to protect the integrity of businesses, help people to maintain their business, help employees to maintain a safe work place, and make sure that there is the least amount of issues legally if possible. These business laws were set into place to prevent more than just economic issues with monopolization or CEO’s and employees becoming wealthy by illegal activity. Within these laws, there is an abundance of detail entailed; however I am aiming to give you a basic, general understanding of what some of these laws are and why they do work for the most part. Some of the se reasons that I will speak of will be to inform you how these laws help the protection of environment through environmental regulations, laws on finances to help abolish as much debt in a business as possible, and laws that concern the employment and labor in businesses that were set to serve and protect the people and the work they do for companies, their safety and a company’s safety, and also help to maintain the legality of businesses ran across the United States. Even though some laws do vary by international, statutory, administrative, and common laws, this is a partial overview of the some major concepts of business law. Environmental Laws Environmentally laws help in so many ways. Even though we can’t stop all the pollution or destruction of priceless property that consists of ecosystems that are becoming close to extinction we do have laws that are in place to stop the mass majority of the abomination of such beautiful areas. These laws that are set are also to stop demolishing our own water and air supply and prevent people from getting illness caused by chemicals that are airborne or in water lined from dumping. Some of these laws include the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. The Clean Air Act (CAA) is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. Among other things, this law authorizes EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants. (EPA, January 19th, 2014) This is placed as a law or regulation to help us to stay safe as well as a company. Can you imagine the other health concerns that could arise if there were no limitations specified or guidelines to follow? Many companies had ignored these laws in the past, and created sickness in people that underwent extensive procedures and the disease was deemed incurable. People every day die from environmental factors and this prevents even more illness from accompanying outside people and employees as well as internal employees. The vehicles that these companies use contain many toxins that go into the air we breathe. With this law there is an emission standard that is commonly referred to as â€Å"MACT†. Maximum achievable control technology is a standard that determines if there is any risk that exists and if so the necessary risks will be addressed. The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters. The basis of the CWA was enacte d in 1948 and was called the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, but the Act was significantly reorganized and expanded in 1972. â€Å"Clean Water Act† became the Act’s common name with amendments in 1972. (EPA, January 19th, 2014) Here is another example on how the rules and regulations help many of us. Not just being fair to a company but also its surrounding environment consisting of people, animals, and natural elements and plant life. There now has to be permits called NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) that are obtained before any dumping in any surface water whether it is industrial, municipal, or  other facilities. There are also other offices that handle other areas of pollution control such as our drinking water is controlled by the OW, the Office of Water. These people unsure we have clean and safe drinking water. Bankruptcy Laws Another area that I feel laws and regulations serve people and companies a great deal of fairness is on the financial frontlines. There are areas where you can have issues dealing with your financial responsibilities and your endeavors of starting your own company just didn’t pan out as well as all would have hoped. When a situation such as this comes to light, you simply take matters to a larger level and claim bankruptcy. There are different types of bankruptcy so there are possibilities of restructuring your company or even a complete over haul on your debt disappearing. This all depends on what chapter you would like to file. I personally would never want to claim bankruptcy, but I don’t think anyone really wants to claim, some people just don’t have a choice. There are three most commonly known bankruptcy forms that are used Chapter 7, Chapter 11, and Chapter 13. Each one differs from the other a little bit, but it pretty much depends on your intention on yo ur financial situation. Chapter 7 allows the debtor to sell nonexempt property and the monies allotted from the sale pay the creditors which in turn the claim is settled permanently and the rest of money earned from that point on is now the debtors including any exempt property. In Chapter 11, this type of bankruptcy allows a period of time for the debtor to reorganize and reestablish their financial responsibilities. This is usually the chapter mostly chosen by larger companies in order to modify structures within their financial team. This is used to nullify the burden of debt payments. The last Chapter is mainly for individuals who have regular employment and incomes but are unable to pay their creditors and come to an agreement on a new payment plan between the debtor and the creditor. Chapter 13 bankruptcy is a negotiation to help consolidate. I feel this helps continue growth for many companies to keep their employees working, keep people from losing their homes, and continue to help make people thrive within our community. Without the possibilities of a bankruptcy I know many people who would have nothing and become unemployed. I also think it is a way for competition to stay alive outside in the business world. If every company folds and just  goes under without fighting for their company, well then there would only be a few of them around subtracting the amount of competition. I honestly feel these bankruptcy options actually help more than hurt the people and companies of business by allowing them a chance and a choice of financial redemption to their creditors. Employment and Labor Laws The Laws that I feel are the most effective for both parties of employees and companies are laws concerning Employment and Labor. Anything from wages and hours to plant closing and layoff are covered under these laws. These are the main ways to protect ourselves while under employment. These laws are designed to keep us safe as well as keep us in line and protect our best interest as an employee. There are many laws under this topic so I am going to choose only one that specifically talks about the unification of employees and employers in the workplace and its safety and health issues. It may seem like nothing to many people but there are a lot of harmful elements in the work place that sometimes an employer isn’t necessarily aware of. However, the rules and regulations on this topic are under the direct supervision of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Safety and health conditions in most private industries are regulated by OSHA or OSHA-approved state programs, which also cover public sector employers. Employers covered by the OSH Act must comply with the regulations and the safety and health standards promulgated by OSHA. Employers also have a general duty under the OSH Act to provide their employees with work and a workplace free from recognized, serious hazards. OSHA enforces the Act through workplace inspections and investigations. Compliance assistance and other cooperative programs are also available. (United States Department of Labor, 2014) There are other laws that coincide with the damaged that can be caused and deemed harmful for employees such as worker’s compensation laws, but let us focus on what OSHA really means to employees. These people from OSHA plainly keep things clean and nontoxic for us to maintain optimal levels in the workplace without the fear of being harmed any way chemically or environmentally. Their rules and regulations keep us safe. Consider the alternative of us not having OSHA regulations. It could potentially be disastrous in many ways, by chemical ingestion, harmful inhalants, tampered scientific analysis, the possibilities are endless. Many  people could be harmed, live could be altered and ruined, and therefore this is one of the most important factors of why there are laws written for health concern in the workplace. Without rules and regulations we have no standards. Standards are how we manage to keep order and continue growth not only in the business world but also on the outside world. Everything has rules and everyone has regulations. The world needs guidelines to create order and be able to maintain and mange it to prosper in ways profitable, and non for profit. These are just a few reasons why I feel it is very important for the United States to set laws and regulations to further fair, balanced, and competitive practices. With these in place and other regulations, I can certainly say that I feel safer for growth and more determined in the work place to get my job done as efficiently as possible so I may be as effective as these laws. References http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-air-act; retrieved 03/21/2014 Last updated on January 19, 2014; United States Environmental Protection Agency 42 U.S.C.  §7401 et seq. (1970) http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act; retrieved 03/21/2014 Last updated on January 19th, 2014; United States Environment Protection Agency 33 U.S.C.  §1251 et seq. (1972) Business in Action Sixth Edition By Courtland L. Bovee` and John Thill Copyright 2013, 2011, 2008, 2006, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 http://www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/lawsprog.htm; retrieved on 03/21/2014 U.S. Department of Labor | Frances Perkins Building, 200 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210 www.dol.gov | Telephone: 1-866-4-USA-DOL (1-866-487-2365)

Speech About Premarital Pregnancy

Assalamu’alaikum wr. Wb Good day Ladies and Gentleman Pregnancy is a desire of every woman. Do you agree? Why is pregnancy important? Is family support also important? How’s the impact to economics life? Every family wants children in their life. It’s natural and a biological thing. Every pregnancy needs process. Knowledge about pregnancy is important to make us understand the process better. These days, there are so many cases about premarital pregnancy. In Indonesia, the number of this case is getting high in every year, especially for adolescent group. So today, I will tell you about what factors causing the premarital pregnancy.What’s premarital pregnancy in bahasa? There are so many factors causing premarital pregnancy. Can you mention it one by one? What is your reason? Okay, I will tell you. We can see it from the social aspect, health aspect, and also from the technological aspect. The first is from social aspect. Social aspect includes social inte raction with family, friends, and society. From those social interactions, interaction with family is the most important thing. From this interaction, morality of everyone is formed. Beside that, interaction social between friends and society are also very important.If we can’t interact with people in a good way, it establishes a negative behavior. The second is health aspect. Everyone wants a healthy life. There are so many people who fall to premarital pregnancy due to lack of health, both physical and spiritual. Both of those things, affect to our psychological condition. If we can’t take care of our health, it’s not possible for our mental becomes weak. Deviant behavior then arises from this incident. Free sex, for example. The last is technological aspect. Tehcnology changes our lifestyles. Many people don’t care about their surroundings which caused by technology.In Indonesia itself, technological developments is moving too fast. But it doesnâ€℠¢t counterbalanced by the improved quality of human resources. The government should make a wisdom about this technological developments. If they don’t, morality of the nation will be damaged, which causes the deviant behavior. In conclusion, pregnancy requires a clear process. This one is very important to avoid ourself from the premarital pregnancy. Because of that, we need to do the social interaction in a good way with our family, friends and also society. Beside that, we should take care of our health, both physical and spiritual. Speech About Premarital Pregnancy Assalamu’alaikum wr. Wb Good day Ladies and Gentleman Pregnancy is a desire of every woman. Do you agree? Why is pregnancy important? Is family support also important? How’s the impact to economics life? Every family wants children in their life. It’s natural and a biological thing. Every pregnancy needs process. Knowledge about pregnancy is important to make us understand the process better. These days, there are so many cases about premarital pregnancy. In Indonesia, the number of this case is getting high in every year, especially for adolescent group. So today, I will tell you about what factors causing the premarital pregnancy.What’s premarital pregnancy in bahasa? There are so many factors causing premarital pregnancy. Can you mention it one by one? What is your reason? Okay, I will tell you. We can see it from the social aspect, health aspect, and also from the technological aspect. The first is from social aspect. Social aspect includes social inte raction with family, friends, and society. From those social interactions, interaction with family is the most important thing. From this interaction, morality of everyone is formed. Beside that, interaction social between friends and society are also very important.If we can’t interact with people in a good way, it establishes a negative behavior. The second is health aspect. Everyone wants a healthy life. There are so many people who fall to premarital pregnancy due to lack of health, both physical and spiritual. Both of those things, affect to our psychological condition. If we can’t take care of our health, it’s not possible for our mental becomes weak. Deviant behavior then arises from this incident. Free sex, for example. The last is technological aspect. Tehcnology changes our lifestyles. Many people don’t care about their surroundings which caused by technology.In Indonesia itself, technological developments is moving too fast. But it doesnâ€℠¢t counterbalanced by the improved quality of human resources. The government should make a wisdom about this technological developments. If they don’t, morality of the nation will be damaged, which causes the deviant behavior. In conclusion, pregnancy requires a clear process. This one is very important to avoid ourself from the premarital pregnancy. Because of that, we need to do the social interaction in a good way with our family, friends and also society. Beside that, we should take care of our health, both physical and spiritual.

Acacia Tree Essays

Acacia Tree Essays Acacia Tree Essay Acacia Tree Essay Acacia Tree in Thailand Acacia sprigs were planted by the Hebrew people at the head of a grave for 2 purposes: 1. To mark the location of the grave. 2. To show their belief in immortality. Immortality: Both the Hebrews and the Egyptians believed that because of its hardness, durability and evergreen nature, that this tree was a symbol of both innocence and immortality. Shittim: In the Bible, it is called â€Å"shittim†. Chosen above all others, shittim was the wood which God commanded Moses to use to create the Ark of the Covenant into which Moses placed the 2 stone tablets upon which The 10 Commandments were carved. Ark of the Covenant: The entire chapter of Exodus 37 is devoted to the creation of the Ark of the Covenant. The Ark was first constructed of shittim wood and then overlaid with gold before being placed into the Holy of Holies (Sanctum Sanctorum) in Solomons Temple. Hardwood: The wood is a beautiful hardwood with dark and light coloring. Due to this intermingled coloring, furniture and flooring made from its wood is both very durable, as well as exceptionally beautiful. The tree is a thorny, and many times multi stemmed tree or bush which many would call a scrub tree because it never grows large and tall like an oak, walnut or many other hardwood trees. Depending on the species, the seeds grow into either trees or shrubs, which are hardy in many climates, but they are not long-lived trees. Their typical lifespan is between 30 to 40 years. Deep Roots: In order for it to survive in very dry, arid lands such as parts of Israel, Iran, Iraq, Australia, Africa, etc. , it has very deep roots from which to absorb more water in arid lands. Some species have roots which are 40-60 meters (approximately 120-180 feet deep). Genus: The genus Acacia belongs to the family Mimosaceae and is related to both the Locust and the Mimosa trees. There are approximately 1350 species of Acacia found throughout the world and close to 1000 of these are found in Australia. Varieties: Different varieties are common in many countries such as Australia, Africa, Madagascar, throughout Asia, Israel, Iran, Iraq, South America, southern parts of the United States as well as in the Pacific. They are found in a wide range of differing habitats from coastal, wet and tropical to sub-alpine (just below treeline), but are most prevalent in the arid and semi-arid areas.

Budget Cuts and Teacher Planning Time

Budget Cuts and Teacher Planning Time Teacher planning and preparation is a key part of effective teaching. However, this is an area that often faces cuts when dealing with issues like increasing the number of periods in a day, reducing the number of days each week that students come to school, or putting schools on double schedules. It almost appears that there is a lack of concern over the importance of planning time. In school districts across the nation, many teachers already get too little time to accomplish too many tasks before any cuts are made. Educational policy makers fail to see why more than a few minutes of before-class preparation is necessary. The general lack of concern for teacher preparation time is probably due to misconceptions about what goes on during class and planning periods. Educational policy makers, who were in high school 20-30 years ago, remember a classroom that no longer existsone with students quietly reading while the English teacher grades essays and one with students checking each others math papers while abiding by the honor system. A Teachers Changing Role Today, instruction is more active with increased focus on problem solving and teamwork. The teachers role has transformed into one of facilitating learning as opposed to presenting knowledge. Further, teachers are no longer able to grade papers while students read textbooks. In some school districts, teachers can no longer allow students to check each others papers due to parents complaints. In addition, because so many of todays students are unwilling to work without getting credit, the number of papers per student has increased dramatically. Thus, papers that were once graded during class now proliferate into rapidly growing piles which must be dealt with after class. The amount of work to be graded is also impacted by class size. Given a teaching load of five classes of 35 students, a one-hour writing assignment requires almost nine hours of grading if the teacher averages three minutes each. Even grading assignments that take only one minute may be difficult to manage since just under 3 hours would be needed to grade one per student, and other tasks must also be accomplished during the planning period. Another likely cause of widespread disregard for planning time is that the teachers planning activities vary from day to day making it difficult to explain what they do, and why the time is insufficient. To clarify this point, I have provided five unremarkable planning period examples. What the Sample Planning Periods Show These real life examples show that a large percentage of the teachers preparation time is dedicated to paperwork and conferencing. During the sample week of planning activities, it would be impossible to grade even one class set of essays during the allotted planning time. Thus, a teacher who gives writing assignments to five classes of 35 students and who works efficiently during her five 60 minute planning periods, will be unable to give timely feedback to students unless a substantial amount of work is brought home. Teachers have traditionally been expected to bring work home because the job cannot be done any other way. In fact, early in U. S. history, teachers were not allowed to marry because of the time their families would require. But nowadays, teachers do marry, and they do have children. Because many teachers also have second jobs, they no longer have the option of working an extra 20 to 30 hours grading papers. Negative Effects of Reducing Planning Time By scheduling too little planning time, policy makers cause students to receive fewer writing assignments and more machine graded tests. Although several effective teaching strategies have evolved that decrease the paper load, such as peer evaluation with rubrics and cooperative learning, students must eventually get teachers feedback. Of necessity, many teachers lesson plans are made with primary consideration given to how much grading the assignment will require. For this reason, insufficient planning time makes attaining higher standards less likely and deprives students of a quality education.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 17

Marketing - Essay Example This paper presents an insightful investigation of the effectiveness and contribution of advertising towards the success of a company’s sales. It manifests if at all the advertisement expenditures, exclusively lead to the sales elevation; or these efforts need to be blended with other suitable marketing activities so as to derive much better outcomes. It indicates the impact of advertising on company’s sales margin, while establishing facts from the theoretical material and draws out the potency of marketing activities in combination with proper advertisement towards the achievement of sales and profit targets. The effectiveness of advertising in precipitating a company’s sales success in relation to the other elements of marketing strategies happen to be matter of serious concern in today’s business domain. Corporations tend to squander millions on advertising along with other marketing activities in an anticipation to enhance their sales and profitability. If advertising alone can lead to the company to improved sales, new customer attainment and existing customer retention successfully, then it could subsequently save a lot of company’s funds and efforts exerted in conducting other marketing activities. Aaker (1991) states that the purpose of advertising is to distinguish a company’s product from others in the market hence establishing the product’s brand equity. The author signifies the concept of advertising with product differentiation and establishment of brand equity. Merino Srinivasan and Srivastava, (2006, p12) confirm this point as, â€Å"high brand equity firm may be able to differentiate themselves effectively in competitive environments, achieving both high prices and high customer loyalty increasing and stabilizing its sales revenues and profits†. Here also, high brand equity and product differentiation has

Management Report Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Management Report - Dissertation Example Unlike other resources which an organization deploys people or its staff are live resources that think, have feelings, aspirations, motives and emotions which get nurtured, developed ,frustrated or stunted every now and then. No human would be willing to work with frustrated aspirations or stunted and suppressed feelings. Thus it becomes incumbent on an organization to nurture and develop the feelings, aspirations, emotions of its employees. Recruitment and selection is only the starting point in labeling the potential employee as successful; it is the proper organizational induction process that ensures that the employee catches his breath, looks around the organization, understands its basic and core activities, evaluates the various opportunities and facilities for growth, looks at the responsibilities maps and evaluates the sources available in the organization to carry out the tasks given to him/her in the job card. Thus a proper induction process is the start of the strategic H R function for any organization. A short cut or improper induction process may result in cutting short the employee's overall experience in the organization and may critically affect his overall morale and motivation .A proper induction is also an important step in setting up the employee on a potential path of employee empowerment. A proper orientation can also result in developing leaders among employees. This paper examines the overall strategic HR function in reference to the role of the process of induction and orientation. 9 Building on this focus this paper maintains the following research and Project Learning Objectives 10 Research Objectives 10 The main objectives of the proposed research scheme primarily concerning the impact of induction procedures...A change model built by Ghoshal and Bartlett can be considered for application in the case of MILKO and the suggested induction and onboarding program would set in motion such a change model. This envisages a change from the traditional corporate structure to an organization characterized as an "individualized corporation". This model is built in a manner to provide managers and leaders a perspective from which to deliberate the changes required their organizations. In a traditional corporate structure where compliance, control and contractual employer/employee relationships dominate, the organizations turn bureaucratic and become less hospitable for innovations and quality consciousness. Such organizations present work performance and quality standards which rarely improve from such preset standards. The model radically intends to relocate responsibility and the sense of ow nership to the employee encouraging greater discipline in getting to targets- a process ably supported by requisite systems and visibility of information. In conclusion, this paper took up the study of MILKOS and found through a survey that employee induction efforts had left much to be desired. This paper is an attempt to devise and propose a new induction process that is based upon well-researched theoretical models and concepts that threw out the important dimensions that may be essential to cover in the employee induction program. The paper finally suggests such an ideal induction program and bases it on the realities of MILKOS.

The Soul and the Aristotelian Analysis of Human Beauty Essay

The Soul and the Aristotelian Analysis of Human Beauty - Essay Example It is pure by nature and can be corrupted by repetitive negative actions that later on may turn into habits. Basically, the soul is the core of every person that controls the objective mind. It deals with emotions and feelings. Instincts can be attributed to emotions, guts and soul. The spirit or soul carries on the challenges of life when the objective and limited capacity of the objective mind and the body cannot handle anything more. The soul is also the source of one’s strength and the basic foundation of every human being since it cannot deny the needs of every person. It can also bring out the best and maximize the potentials of each human being. It controls the entire being which can be equated as the main essence and purpose in life. The common purpose in the life of human beings is to achieve perfection and in that pursuit, the soul perceives perfection and takes charge of the physical body to take action and turn the concept into reality. The soul serves as the guide in planning the destination in life. It is the inner world where people have dreams, goals and aspirations. Creative people use the inner world and the soul to make and create new things and innovations in the world. The soul plays an important role in defining human beauty. Many people nowadays link beauty to flawless skin, star-like eyes, silky smooth hair, kissable lips, sexiness, strong male image, and everything related to the physical body. The popular culture heavily describes the skin-deep beauty to be more important than the inner qualities. In actuality, both the inner and the outer qualities of human beings constitute the concept of human beauty. It would be hard though to just limit the definition or the meaning of beauty as people have different beliefs. Beliefs drive the lives of people and affect their decision-making process and the manner which they perceive things. The real concept of beauty is best explained by the old but famous saying, â€Å"beauty is in the e ye of the beholder.† It shows how the concept of beauty depends upon the person looking at it. Each human being has his or her own concept of beauty. Some may define beauty through good looks and physique while others may focus on the beauty of the heart and the soul. Others may look at both in varying levels. This only shows that all people are beautiful, and all creatures are also beautiful since the concept of beauty is flexible and subjective. The objective mind or the logical thinking only creates standards on things like beauty to have a unifying concept that can be understood by all people. In the subject of soul and beauty, Aristotelian analysis can be used to study the relationship since the concept involves the logic, the credibility and the emotions. Purpose, context, and subject also affect the relationship of the writer to the readers of the paper. Every aspect and view can greatly influence how soul can help in the understanding of human beauty. Each person is a whole composed of body, mind and spirit or soul that gives the full understanding the credit when all of them are engaged in knowing and learning about concepts such as beauty. By including everyone whether their perception of beauty may be contrasting to the beauty concept of others, all must be included as life does not travel in one path, but in multiple ways as individualism is well-expressed by the existence of the soul. Uniqueness shows how people are

Differences of Opinion in End of Life Care

Differences of Opinion in End of Life Care Introduction The case study relates to an expected death of one of the residents who lived in a care home that provides nursing care and support for older people with many various conditions. Mr. X became frail after a couple of months of admission to the settlement. Lastly he was treated by antibiotics for various infections, mainly chest and urine (four times within a short period of time 8-9 weeks). Regrettably his body appeared not to respond to the treatment used. He was losing the ability to decide about himself gradually. Due to Mr X’s limited mental capacity one of his sons had power of attorney (POA) in order to make complex decisions related to his father care. Adult with incapacity (AWI) certificate was in place. Suddenly Mr X’s condition deteriorated rapidly and actions were required in relation his end of life care. POA holder wished Mr. X to be transferred to the hospital for further, invasive treatments. However staff members were of the opinion that according to Mr X’s wishes he would prefer to be cared for within his present settlement. Assessment The issue in this situation was: differences in family and staff views at what the patient stated he would want to have and by whom he would want to be cared for at the end of his life. The identified problem was the risk of abuse of the patient’s autonomy. Although the son had good intentions to prolong Mr. X’s life because he was anxious and did not know how to approach the decision making, staff felt that Mr. X was becoming more ‘an object’ and not a person. According to Department of Health (DH) abuse can have unintentional complexities stemming from relationships of individuals involved (DH, 2000). The team lead by myself had to face a difficult and complex task of being ‘the advocate’ (Hurst et al., 2008) of Mr. X and brief the son about his fathers’ wishes. Under Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act (2003) Mr X have chosen his son, to have power of attorney (POA) to make decisions about his health on his behalf, but he also specified in advance that he does not want to be transferred to hospital at last stages of his life. The NHS (NHS Choices, 2015) state that one cannot override this decision unless the POA specifies that the acting on behalf has the power to do so which was not the case We had to find a way to explain in a tactful manner that the approach to care will be palliative with rather sad prognosis trying to remove some of the stress from the difficult situation. At the same time documentation had to be looked through accurately; checked and analyzed and completed to have new care plans related to Mr. X final life stages in place. This was to ensure accountability and demonstrate how decisions related to Mr.X’s care were made (The Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010). As trained staff, leading the unit and being directly involved in Mr.X’s care I was responsible for passing reliable and factual information assuring the best outcome for him but also for coordinating the team and communicating with the family. Bass (2008) recommends democratic approach that allows the leader balancing the decision-making stage by encouraging participation; by being consultative, consensual and concerned with people. Foster (2002) claims that the best way to manage challenging situations is to estimate what needs to be done, how and by whom it needs to be done . Mr.’s X’s condition deteriorated very rapidly and because the event was taking place within ‘doctors out of hours’ advice have been sought trough NHS 24 phone line with the resonance of a doctor’s visit. This was done to seek an opinion and to discuss the best treatment available for my patient which involved pain relief and comfort making as well as to assure the son that all available resources have been used to provide best possible care for Mr X. Seeking advice and asking the doctor to explain to the POA holder, why staying within the settlement would be better for Mr. X related to Bateman’s (2000) view of collective decisions making when acting on someone’s behalf. A member of staff, known to have very good relationship with the son was appointed to have an initial chat with him whilst Mr. X has been seen by the doctor. Palliative Care Guidelines (2013) suggest appointing a person who knows the patient well that is able to affirm life and regard dying as a normal process of life when communicating with the family. Delegating the right person for the right role is also urged by Stranberg (2015) who explains that it frees the leader up to tackle other important aspects of the mission. Motacki and Bruke (2010) add that delegating increases confidence and morale of subordinates and this way improves quality of care that they deliver. However, irrespective of the advantages of the democratic approach, there was little visible effectiveness in terms of Mr X’s deteriorating condition. Kane and Patapan (2012) claim that one of the disadvantages of the democratic approach is that it takes a lot of time. Mr.X’s situation required a less time consuming approach. Sadler (2003) argues that when decisions need to be made quickly authoritative and autocratic styles are the most effective. They allow strict but clear directions (autocratic) and assure credibility (authoritative). Whilst one of the delegated team members was talking to Mr. X’s son, the most appropriate treatment for Mr X was discussed between me and the doctor; the prognosis for Mr X were, alas, maximum a couple of days. Although the role of a nurse in a care home evolved over the last years there is a negative stereotype in the public related to care in nursing homes and many nurses find it hard to match the social status that a doctor carries with the title which is often voiced by the family members ( Sanders, 2012) To avoid the possible course of action related to who passes the information I have asked the doctor to speak with the son and explain the advantages of making a ‘Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation’ (DNACPR) decision. Brass (2008) explains that the autocratic leader decides, directs and controls all activities and is an effective forward thinker assuring at the same time good but strict organisation by keeping close regulation of policies and procedures. Kane and Patapan (2012) alert to use the democracy wisely explaining that, at times, democracy can do more harm than help. Although the democratic style is often considered very effective it demands a lot of time to set a plan, let people contribute and then opt for the best course of action. Both styles used enabled the team to organize and plan Mr. X’s end of life care in a desired way. The autocratic/ authoritative style by giving me confidence and resources in the form of pain and distress relief medication that were in place to be used when required and the DNACPR. The democratic discussing proposed course of actions with the doctor, the team and the family member. Peters (2005) encourages to mix styles in order to be effective but underlines that it is needed to have a broad repertoire of styles and to use them appropriately. By choosing the member of team who was familiar with the family I have managed to reduce the barrier between the POA and staff; and empower the team to take an active part in the tasks. This approach concerned both: Mr. X and his son and the members of the team. †¦ claims that team leaders and managers should pay attention to building team relationships because it helps the team to meet the established goals and objectives and to work as one cohesive unit. †¦ Ward (2002) adds that nursing needs leaders that can be facilitators to humanize their workplaces and this can be achieved by paying more attention to the people that work for an organisation. Creating the atmosphere of good relationships we have gained more time to plan individual care for Mr. X, as per his wish. The case demonstrated application of ‘demo autocratic’ approach by mixing the two styles often perceived as opposites. Planning The desired outcome was to help the patient to die comfortably and dignified and to help the son understand and accept his decisions (made when he was still capable) regarding his last days of life. The team had focus on the quality of care for Mr X that would mirror his wishes; [. in his room, looking at familiar faces around him, with his favorite music in the background, comfortable and pain free] The established goals refer to ’7-step protocol to negotiate goals of care’ recommended by Buckman (1992) and to Scottish Palliative Care Guidelines (NHS Scotland, 2014) Involve the entire team; encourage effective communication and a forward thinking approach; create the right setting – ensuring time and atmosphere to discuss the situation Determine the POA awareness and compare it with Mr.X wishes to clarify the context Check documents and explore what Mr X. was expecting and hoping for, compare it with POA holders’ expectations and explain best possible outcomes. Suggest realistic objectives; consult the doctor; organise DNACPR Alert everybody in the team to offer support and act in a sensitive and tactful manner knowing emotions that may arise. Make a plan and follow through – how Mr.X’s symptoms will be controlled and managed; appoint staff to observe and report changes in Mr. X condition, co-ordinate care; have pain and distress relief medication in place to be used when required; Review and revise Mr. X ability to eat and drink; his comfort; medication and doctor/nursing interventions required Have daily and hourly charts to control hydration level (fluid chart) and comfort (hourly turning chart) analyse them and act appropriately. Implementation To implement the goals it was important to obtain Mr. X’s sons agreement to continue with providing the care for Mr X within the care home. Mustafa (2015) suggest using imaginary approach and recommends talking about thoughts, values, wishes and desires of the dying person which helps to understand their points of view to end-of-life. Katz and Peace (2003) claim that this approach aims to enable a family member to put him/herself in the place of the dying person helps them choose as he or she would like. My duty was to coordinate the team- delegate tasks and people; control the situation and act in Mr X best interests by communicating with staff – explaining why and what is the desired outcome; document -write and implement ‘end of life care plan’: including pain and distress relief; hydration, skin care and wellbeing in terms of comfort and dignity. This related to an approach known as best interests (Katz and Peace, 2003) with the aim to decide what would be best Mr.X Delegating staff helped to provide good quality of care for Mr.X and demonstrated that our actions were not about ‘passive watching a dying person’ but about fulfilling Mr X wishes. Contacting the doctor and discussing Mr.X condition helped in implementing goals related to pain relief and distress as well as in obtaining the DNACPR decision. This meant for the team that all appropriate treatments will be given but we will not attempt CPR to let Mr. X pass away peacefully. The rationale for the DNACPR decision was explained to the son by the doctor making it clear that transfer to hospital was not appropriate. The steps undertaken are amongst others recommended by Morris and Collier (2012) in as guidance for care workers dealing with patients at their ends of lives. It was essential to involve the whole team and to trust each other in order to follow through the plan made earlier, ensuring that Mr X’s symptoms of pain and discomfort were controlled and managed. So once we had the pain relief and DNACPR in place to be used when required, it was needed to have dedicated people who could ‘flag up’ the moments of implementing them into practice. We had an explanatory meeting to alert staff to observe and document Mr. X’s ability to eat and drink; skin and his general comfort by completing daily and hourly charts to control hydration level (fluid chart) and comfort (hourly turning chart) to analyse them and act appropriately. This required excellent communication skills from the entire team. (†¦.) underlines the importance of care workers’ ability to use wide range of communicating skills such as nonverbal: touch, watch facial and eyes expression and listen. This way we could receive information about a particular of care aspect that needed to be addressed. Old and Swagerty (2007) mention that setting goals and their implementation is a challenging subject in the palliative care because the customers views differ from their families. The patients’ needs relate in the majority to sense of security, comfort and quality of life whereas the families focus more on the revival itself. The implementation of the goals set by the team related to the abilities of seeing the â€Å"whole† patientwhich is considered the underpinning philosophy in palliative care (Twomey et.al. 2007). Evaluation According to Crowie et al. (2012) case studies allow in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in real-life settings and are often used to improve health care. Nursing teams have a constant presence in the patients life within care home settlements, while other healthcare professionals or relatives visit them with varying frequency and for limited periods of time. Therefore the teams are the direct environment for the people that they look after and depending on their professionalism, knowledge, style and compassion, the patient’s quality of life may vary. They deal with different conditions and face many challenges that can result in poor care delivery (Care Quality Commission (2013/14) Their attitudes to care are often perceived as more task based than person centered.Patients however, like Mr. X, often cannot decide for themselves and therefore need to be treated with even greater respect, dignity and compassion (Care Quality Commission, 2013/14) Although Mr X was considered at the end of life as he was likely to die within the next 12 months at admission to the care home (The General Medical Council, 2010) there was no clear instructions within his files of what do when his condition changes suddenly. The appointed by Mr.X POA holder had the right to make decisions for him regardless Mr X’s wishes that were nuncupated to staff only. Respecting his wishes the team made a great effort to act in the best interest of Mr.X This related to the use of various components of management and leadership. The Quality Compliance Systems (2014) highlights that the delivery of successful health and social care services relies on effective management and strong leadership. The Nursing and Midwifery Councils (2004) guidance implies an active approach from nurses is expected, using the terms protect and promote in relation to the rights of terminally ill patients and directs that â€Å"nurses must respect the rights of the individual and the patient/clients role in planning their own care. Nurses are seen as advocates for the customers and have a legal, moral and professional duty to care recognising the customer’s right to individual choice at all times†. There is however evidence of inconsistencies in palliative care services (House of Commons Health Committee, 2004) and this is why care teams need to take active part in creating ‘cultures of high quality care’. Dixon-Woods et al. (2014) state that there are four key elements: â€Å"inspiring visions operationalised at every level; clear, aligned objectives for all teams, departments and individual staff; supportive and enabling people management and high levels of staff engagement; learning, innovation and quality improvement embedded in the practice of all staff† to ensure compassionate care and high quality of care for patients. West et al. (2014) add team working as the fifth crucial element of improving quality of care. The family could have been explained the palliative care approach before the rapid deterioration of Mr X condition. Trough more effective communication and a forward thinking approach discussed with the family the issue of the suspected abuse of the autonomy would possibly become non existent The GP could have been contacted sooner to discuss CPR decison.

Comparing Tolstoy’s novel, The Death of Ivan Ilyich and the Russian Sta

Comparing Tolstoy’s novel, The Death of Ivan Ilyich and the Russian State In Leo Tolstoy’s novel The Death of Ivan Ilyich, the title character’s life changes in several important ways during the course of the story. First, his relationships with the people in his life change. Secondly, he engages in different â€Å"forms of diversion† as his life goes through different stages. Thirdly, his attitude towards wealth and possessions changes near the end of his life. In addition, we also see a gradual realization and acceptance of death. One could draw interesting parallels between the progression of Ivan Ilyich’s character and the Russian state and leadership in the latter part of the Imperial period. The changes in Ivan’s relationships with other people are seen best with his friends and family. Through most of the story, we see that he chooses friends based on social standing. He even applies this to his family, as illustrated near the beginning. His younger brother, having only obtained an appointment in the Railway Division, is labeled a failure by his family and avoided at all costs. Ivan Ilyich’s relationship with his wife is also of particular interest. He seems fairly happy while a newlywed, but becomes quite annoyed with his wife for creating â€Å"distasteful and ill-mannered scenes† (Tolstoy 56; ch. 2) around the time of her pregnancy. At first he tries to ignore her by carrying on with his former social life, but eventually finds that his work is the only excuse that can get him away from her. He goes on avoiding his wife with varying success until the onset of his illness, being confined more and more to his home. During this last st age of his life, he purposely starts arguments with his family, ... ...was unable to control it any longer. The Duma which he had created instantiated a new provisional government and Nicholas finally abdicated the throne. As has been demonstrated, character changes in Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich find parallels in Russian power specifically through its rulers’ foreign and domestic policies. Though never expressly implied, one can assume that the author, having been quite politically involved, considered such things while writing his novella. We must not put biting social and political satire past a man who, among other things, was involved in the mass emigration of oppressed Russian Jews to the United States and Canada (Riasanovsky 397). Works Cited Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. A History of Russia. 6th ed. New York: Oxford, 2000. Tolstoy, Leo. The Death of Ivan Ilyich. Bantam Classic ed. New York: Bantam, 1981.

Discourse Analysis Mini Research Essay

This chapter presents an introduction consisting of background of study, problems of study, objective of the study, and significance of the study. 1.1 Background of the Study Language has a social function as a tool to make connection between human beings. Without language, it seems impossible for people to interact with others in their daily life because language can express people’s feeling, willing, opinion, etc. In case of communication, some public figures might influence language use in socio culture. The figure public not only as the entertainer for society but also as a trendsetter of any aspects such as the fashion style, hobby, and the language style. The later aspect is the interesting one that we want to analyze in our mini research. The influence of figure public language style toward society is could studied in Critical Discourse Analysis (commonly abbreviated to CDA). Fairclough, the founder of CDA, explains that CDA is a theory of language in relation to power and ideology (1995:1). This is a theory enabling us to discover how a ruling class rules the society through their linguistics practices. Simply put, CDA is an interdisciplinary study combining linguistic theory and social theories, such as politics, economics, religion, culture, communication, etc. in order to shed light on how the social and power domination are acted out in linguistic practice. We can found language style used by figure public in any kinds of media such as television, radio, internet, newspaper, and even in media socials. One of the phenomenal public figure is an Indonesian singer, Syahrini, who is known by her words. She produces some famous words such as sesuatu, Alhamdulillah ya, cetar membahana, and the last one is terpampang nyata. Those five words are famous among our society and everyone often use them in daily communication. How do Syahrini’s words influence language use in socio cultural? Of course, there is a reason why does Syahrini have big impact to society’s language usage. Based on the unique phenomena above, the researchers conduct the mini research entitled â€Å"Meaning Construction in Syahrini’s Utterances†. 1.2 Problem of The Study Based on the background above, the problem of the study is formulated as follow: a. How do the words produced by Syahrini influence language use in social practice? 1.3 Objective of The Study Objective of the study is: a. To find out the influence of the words produced by Syahrini toward language use in social practice CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Discourse Analysis According to Gillian Brown, discourse analysis is a term that has come to have different interpretations for scholars working in different disciplines. For a sociolinguist, it is concerned mainly with the structure of social interaction manifested in conversation; for a psycholinguist, it is primarily concerned with the nature of comprehension of short written texts; for the computational linguist, it is concerned with producing operational models of text-understanding within highly limited contexts. In this textbook, the authors provide an extensive overview of the many and diverse approaches to the study of discourse, but base their own approach centrally on the discipline which, to varying degrees, is common to them all linguistics. Using a methodology which has much in common with descriptive linguistics, they offer a lucid and wide-ranging account of how forms of language are used in communication. Their principal concern is to examine how any language produced by man, whether spoken or written, is used to communicate for a purpose in a context. The discussion is carefully illustrated throughout by a wide variety of discourse types (conversations recorded in different social situations, extracts from newspapers, notices, contemporary fiction, graffiti, etc.). The techniques of analysis are described and exemplified in sufficient detail for the student to be able to apply them to any language in context that he or she encounters. A familiarity with elementary linguistics is assumed, but the range of issues discussed in conjunction with the variety of exemplification presented will make this a valuable and stimulating textbook not only for students of linguistics, but for any reader who wishes to investigate the principles underlying the use of language in natural contexts to communicate and understand intended meaning. 2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Discourse Analysis is based heavily upon Halliday‟s systemic functional linguistics (Fairclough, 1992, Fairclough 1999), and the critical linguistics approach which stemmed from the work led by Roger Fowler at the University of East Anglia in the 1970s (Fairclough 1992, Coffin 2001). Fairclough supported the ideas of critical linguistics, but felt that in many respects, they did not go far enough. Fowler claims that the effectiveness of critical linguistics lies in â€Å"its capacity to equip readers for demystificatory readings of ideology-laden texts† (Fowler, 1996: 6). But Fairclough believed that this focuses excessively on the „text as product‟, to the detriment of examining how these texts are produced, and how they may be interpreted. For Fairclough, it is equally vital that we understand the process of production of the text, as well as the process of interpretation of the text. CDA aims at making the connections transparent among discourse practices, social practices and social structures, connections that might be opaque to the layperson (Sheyholislami 2001). Luke (as cited in Taiwo 2007) describes that CDA is a method of DA that reveals hidden ideas behind everyday discussion. Language is no longer seen as merely reflecting outer reality. Fiske (1994) says that our words are never neutral they carry power that reflects interest of speakers. The objective of CDA is to uncover the ideologies or assumptions that are hidden behind the words of our written texts or oral speech. 2.3 Fairclough’s Framework for Analysis Discourses are forms of social practice. They are also obviously texts (in the wider sense of the word). But Fairclough‟s framework adds a â€Å"mediating‟ third dimension â€Å"which focuses on discourse as a specifically discursive practice† (Fairclough, 1992: 71). Discursive practice is itself a form of social practice, and focuses on the processes of text production, distribution and consumption. diagrammatically as follows: This is represented Fairclough describes this framework as â€Å"an attempt to bring together three analytical traditions, each of which is indispensable These analytical traditions are: – The tradition of close textual and linguistic analysis within linguistics. – The macrosociological tradition of analyzing social practice in relation to social structures – The interpretivist or microsociological tradition of seeing social practice as something which people actively produce and make sense of on the basis of shared commonsense procedures. for discourse analysis†. 2.4 Theory of Ideology The theory of ideology that informs the discourse analytic approach of this paper is multidisciplinary. It is articulated within a conceptual triangle that connects society, discourse and social cognition in the framework of a critical discourse analysis (van Dijk, 1993b). In this approach, ideologies are the basic frameworks for organizing the social cognitions shared by members of social groups, organizations or institutions. In this respect, ideologies are both cognitive and social. They essentially function as the interface between the cognitive representations and processes underlying discourse and action, on the one hand, and the societal position and interests of social groups, on the other hand. This conception of ideology also allows us to establish the crucial link between macrolevel analyses of groups, social formations and social structure, and microlevel studies of situated, individual interaction and discourse. Social cognition is, here, defined as the system of mental representations and processes of group members (for details, see, e.g., Fiske and Taylor, 1991; Resnick, Levine and Teasley, 1991). Part of the system is the sociocultural knowledge shared by the members of a specific group, society or culture. Members of groups may also share evaluative beliefs, viz., opinions, organized into social attitudes. Thus, feminists may share attitudes about abortion, affirmative action or corporate glass ceilings blocking promotion, or other forms of discrimination by men. Ideologies, then, are the overall, abstract mental systems that organize such socially shared attitudes. The feminist attitudes just mentioned, for instance, may be internally structured and mutually related by general principles or propositions that together define a feminist ideology. Similar examples may be given for racist, anti-racist, corporate or ecological attitudes and their underlying ideological systems. Through complex and usually long-term processes of socialization and other forms of social information processing , ideologies are gradually acquired by members of a group or culture. As systems of principles that organize social cognitions, ideologies are assumed to  control, through the minds of the members, the social reproduction of the group. Ideologies mentally represent the basic social characteristics of a group, such as their identity, tasks, goals, norms, values, position and resources. Since ideologies are usually self-serving, it would seem that they are organized by these group-schemata. White racists, for example, represent society basically in terms of a conflict between whites and non-whites, in which the identity, goals, values, positions and resources of whites are seen to be threatened by the others. They do so by representing the relations between themselves and the Others essentially in terms of us versus them, in which we are associated with positive properties and they are associated with bad properties. Such ideologies of groups and group relations are constructed by a groupbased selection of relevant social values. Feminists, on the one hand, select and attach special importance to such values as independence, autonomy and equality. Racists, on the other hand, focus on self-identity, superiority of the own group, and hence on inequality, while at the same time advocating the primacy of their own group and the privilege of preferential access to valued social resources. The contents and schematic organization of group ideologies in the social mind shared by its members are a function of the properties of the group within the societal structure. The identity category of a group ideology organizes the information as well as the social and institutional actions that define membership: who belongs to the group, and who does not; who is admitted and who is not. For groups who share a racist ideology, this may mean, among other things, resentment, actions and policies against immigration and integration in our culture, country, city, neighborhood, family or company. Similarly, the goal category of groups who share a racist ideology organizes the information and actions that define the overall aims of the group, e.g., to keep our country white. The position category foreigners , defines the relations of the group with reference groups, such as, immigrants , refugees or blacks . In sum, the social functions of ideologies are, among others, to allow members of a group to organize (admission to) their group, coordinate their social actions and goals, to protect their (privileged) resources, or, conversely, to gain access to such resources in the case of dissident or oppositional groups. As basic forms of social cognitions, however, ideologies also have cognitive functions. We have already suggested that they organize, monitor and control specific group attitudes. Possibly, ideologies also control the development, structure and application of sociocultural knowledge. To wit, feminists have special interest in acquiring and using knowledge about the dominance of women by men. Generally though, we shall assume that ideologies more specifically control evaluative beliefs, that is, social opinions shared by the members of a group. At this mental interface of the social and the individual, however, ideologies and the attitudes and knowledge they control, also – indirectly – influence the personal cognitions of group members, e.g., the planning and understanding of  their discourses and other forms of (inter)action. These personal mental representations of people’s experiences of such social practices are called models (Johnson-Laird, 1983; van Dijk, 1987b; van Dijk and Kintsch, 1983). Models are mental representations of events, actions, or situations people are engaged in, or which they read about. The set of these models represents the beliefs (knowledge and opinions) people have about their everyday lives and defines what we usually call people’s experiences. These models are unique and personal and controlled by the biographical experiences of social actors. On the other hand, they are also socially controlled, that is, influenced by the general social cognitions members share with other members of their group. This combined presence of personal and (instantiated, particularized, applied) social information in mental models allows us not only to explain the well-known missing link between the individual and the social, between the micro and the macro analysis of society, but also to make explicit the relations between general group ideologies and actual text and talk. That is, models control how people act, speak or write, or how they understand the social practices of others. We, thus, have the  following, highly simplified elements in the relations between ideologies and discourse at various levels of analysis. In other words, ideologies are localized between societal structures and the structures of the minds of social members. They allow social actors to translate their social properties (identity, goal, position, etc.) into the knowledge and beliefs that make up the concrete models of their everyday life experiences, that is, the mental representations of their actions and discourse. Indirectly (viz., through attitudes and knowledge), therefore, ideologies control how people plan and understand their social practices, and hence also the structures of text and talk. Ideologies define and explain the similarities of the social practices of social members, but our theoretical framework at the same time accounts for individual variation. Each social actor is a member of many social groups, each with their own, sometimes conflicting ideologies. At the same time, each social actor has her/his own, sometimes unique, biographical experiences ( old models ), attitudes, ideologies and values, and these will also interfere in the construction of models,  which, in turn, will influence the production (and the comprehension) of discourse. Hence, the schema given above may be read top down, or bottom up. The relations involved are dynamic and dialectic : ideologies partly control what people do and say (via attitudes and models), but concrete social practices or discourses are themselves needed to acquire social knowledge, attitudes and ideologies in the first place, viz., via the models people construct of other’s social practices (including others discourses) (van Dijk, 1990). At many points, our theoretical approach to ideology is at variance with classical and other contemporary approaches to ideology (see Eagleton,1991; Larrain, 1979; Thompson, 1984, 1990). Ideologies in our perspective are not merely systems of ideas, let alone properties of the individual minds of persons. Neither are they vaguely defined as forms of consciousness, let alone as false consciousness. Rather, they are very specific basic frameworks of social cognition, with specific internal structures, and specific cognitive and social functions. As such, they (also) need to be analyzed in terms of explicit social psychological theories (see also Rosenberg, 1988), which obviously has nothing to do with mentalist reductionism. At the same time they are social, for they are  essentially shared by groups and acquired, used, and changed by people as group members in social situations and institutions, often in situations of conflicting interests between social formations (Eagleton, 1991). However, ideologies are not restricted to dominant groups. Oppositional or dominated groups also share ideologies. The main problem of most critical approaches to ideology is that they are exclusively inspired by social sciences and rather confused philosophical approaches. They ignore detailed and explicit cognitive analysis, and so they are unable to explicitly link social structures with social practices and discourses of individuals as social members. Ideologies or other social cognitions in our approach are not reduced to or uniquely defined in terms of the social practices they control (Coulter, 1989), nor to the discourses that express, convey or help reproduce them (Billig et al., 1988; Billig, 1991), or to the institutions in which they are reproduced. (For different but related approaches, see, e.g., Fairclough, 1989, 1992a; Kress and Hodge, 1993.) Discourse analysis as ideological analysis The sketch of the theory of ideology presented above provides us with a conceptual framework that also allows us to engage in ideological analyses , and, hence, a critique of discursive practices. After all, we have seen that ideologies, though variably and indirectly, may be expressed in text and talk, and that discourses similarly function to persuasively help construct new and confirm already present ideologies. In both cases, this means that there may be discourse structures that are particularly relevant for an efficient expression or persuasive  communication of ideological meanings. For instance, headlines in newspapers,, taken as prominent expressions of the overall meaning or gist (semantic macrostructure) of a news report in the press, form a special discourse category that is probably more likely to express or convey ideological content than, for instance, the number of commas in a text. On the other hand, we have no a priori theoretical grounds to exclude any textual structures from expressing underlying ideological principles. Indeed, virtually all discourse structures are involved in the functional expression of mental models of events or communicative contexts, and,  therefore, of the opinions that are part of such mental models. To wit, a racist opinion of a speaker about his black interlocutor, may be subtly expressed (involuntarily or not) by minimal intonation variations, interpreted by the black interlocutor as a racist way of addressing her, while sounding unwarrantably insolent or impolite (for many such examples of everyday racism, see Essed, 1991). Let us now examine these levels and properties of discourse and the ways ideologies may be expressed and conveyed more systematically. However, before we present a summary of preferential discourse  structures for the expression and communication of ideological meanings, we should be clearly aware of what we are looking for. Given the theory of ideology presented above, we need to attend primarily to those properties of discourse that express or signal the opinions, perspective, position, interests or other properties of groups. This is specifically the case when there is a conflict of interest, that is, when events may be seen, interpreted or evaluated in different, possibly opposed ways. The structures of ideologies also suggest that such representations are often articulated along an us versus them dimension, in which speakers of one group will generally tend to present themselves or their own group in positive terms, and other groups in negative terms. Thus, any property of discourse that expresses, establishes, confirms or emphasizes a self- interested group opinion, perspective or position, especially in a broader socio-political context of social struggle, is a candidate for special attention in such an ideological analysis. Such discourse structures usually have the social function of legitimating dominance or justifying concrete actions of power abuse by the elites. Surface structures The surface structures of discourse refer to the variable forms of expression at the level of phonological and graphical realization of underlying syntactic,  semantic, pragmatic or other abstract discourse structures. With a few exceptions, such surface structures of text and talk do not have explicit  meanings of their own. They are only the conventional manifestations of underlying meanings. Yet, such surface structures may express and convey special operations or strategies. For instance, special stress or volume or large printed type may strategically be used to emphasize or attract attention to specific meanings, as is the case when shouting at people or in screaming newspaper headlines. In the same way, special into national contours may help express irony, (lack of) politeness or other semantic or interactional meanings and functions. These examples already suggest that surface structures may express or control the ways in which events are interpreted by speech participants. A large banner headline may emphasize the biased summary of a news event, about a race riot, for instance, and insulting volume or intonation may similarly inequality between speaker and signal social  hearer. Theoretically, this means that communicative contexts may  ideologically controlled models of events or of  represent women or minorities in a negative way, and such opinions will not only influence the meanings of the text but also, indirectly, the sometimes subtle variations of the graphical or phonological surface structures. Indeed, whereas the meanings of the text may not explicitly express or encode prejudice or social inequality, surface structures may let anyway. In general this means that such surface structures must be marked. They must be out of the ordinary and violate communicative rules or principles, i.e., those of normal size headlines, normal volume or intonation in polite transpire such hidden meanings  speech, and so on. Depending on meaning and context, then, such deviant surface structures may signal, express, or convey similarly deviant properties  of models, such as a specially negative opinion about the competence of a woman or a black man. In other words, ideological surface structures primarily function as signals of special meanings or model structures, and  may, thus, also contribute to special processing of such interpretations of text and talk. Special graphical or phonological emphasis may also manage the importance of information or beliefs, and, hence, the hierarchical organization of models in which important information is located at the top. Conversely, meanings and beliefs may be de-emphasized or concealed by non-prominent graphical or phonological structures when they express meanings that are inconsistent with the goals or interests of the speaker. Intonation, such as the tone of racist insults, may also conventionally signal specific social relations, and hence also ideologically based inequality. That is, they also influence the context models of the communicative context. The same is true for other forms of non-verbal communication, such as gestures, facial expression, proximity, and so on, which also may signal interpersonal and social relations, and, therefore, ideological meanings. Finally, it is well known that accented speech of sociolects or dialects express or convey social class, ethnicity, gender, or social relations of familiarity or intimacy, as has been shown in much sociolinguistic and social psychological research (Giles and Coupland, 1991; Montgomery, 1986). Again, it is obvious  that such social relations may also be structured in conflict and inequality, and so presuppose ideological differences. Accents may thus signal or express prestige, accommodation, dominance, resistance or other ideologically controlled social relations. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS There are four aspect that are discussed in the chapter of research method. That are : (1) type of research, (2) data and data sources, (3) data collection methods, and (4) data analysis 3.1 Type of research In this research, the writer uses qualitative research. According to Creswell (1997, p.15) Qualitative research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting. The researcher analyzed CDA in the words produced by Syahrini. Therefore, later the researchers described the result of their analysis which tried to find out the influence of the words  produced by Syahrini toward language use in social culture. 3.2 Data and Data Sources The data sources were taken from the words produced by Syahrini. She is an Indonesian singer who is known by her words such as sesuatu, Alhamdulillah ya, cetar membahana, jambul khatulistiwa, and terpampang nyata. Those words are produced by Syahrini herself and they have a significant influence language use because many people use them in daily communication 3.3 Data Collection Methods There are three steps in collecting data, those are : 1. The writers searched the words produced by Syahrini from the internet. 2. Listing the words produced by Syahrini 3.4 Data Analysis In analyzing the data, the writer used some steps as follows: 1. Identifying and analyzing the words produced by Syahrini using Fairclough’s dimension of discourse 2. Drawing conclusion CHAPTER IV FINDING AND CONCLUSION 4.1 Finding Ideologies Syahrini as one of the popular artist I Indonesia has her own characteristics of ideal beautiful person, moreover women. Unconsciously, she creates her own version of the ideal women characters. She prefers to see the ideal women based on their physical appearances. She phanatically sees the beautiful women are they who have good physical appearances, such as slim body, white skin, straight nose, bulu mata lentik, and having jambul. It can be proved with the utterances regularly used by her like Cettar Membahana, Jambul Katulistiwa. It can be concluded that he prefer to see the author beauty rather than the inner beauty of women. The following supports the above explanation. Here are the utterances regularly used by Syahrini, : 1. Sesuatu 2. Cetar Membahana 3. Jambul Khatulistiwa 4. Bulu Mata Anti Badai Text Analysis Those utterances are merely concerned with the diction choice and structure formation. As we know, those utterances spelled by Syahrini who is one of famous artist or singer in Indonesia. She prefer to say (datum 1) in expressing her feeling toward something. The expression of (1) represents her regret or interest expression like mempesona, meriah, gokil. For example: Trans TV sesuatu banget ya or Ayushanti memang sesuatu. Instead of saying Trans TV gokil banget she prefers to say Trans TV sesuatu banget. In Bahasa Indonesia sesuatu has the equal meaning as  something. The diction something or sesuatu usually has the position as noun, but here Syahrini use this diction as adjective. On the other hand, Syharini usually say Cettar Membahana. Cettar membahana has the equal meaning as Luar Biasa or Amazing. Instead of saying luar biasa, she prefers to say cettar membahana. Cettar in Bahasa Indonesia followed the theory of onomatopoeia which defines as language formation influenced by the sound of something. Cettar expresses the sound of fireworks when it burnt-out. So cettar menas something burnt, eye-catching, interesting, or extraordinary. Besides that, she also adds the diction membahana after the word cetar. Membahana has almost the same meaning with cetar, but membahana here as adverb and better as adjectives. Form those explanation above cetar membahana means kill the expression of something amazed, great. In fact there is the expression like â€Å"luar biasa† or â€Å"meankjubkan† in Indonesia there Syahrini used the exaggeration expression in expressing something. Next, Syahrini also used the expression â€Å"Bulu Mata Anti Badai† instead of saying â€Å"bulu mata lentik†. She prefers to say bulu mata badai perhaps it caused many disasters happened in Indonesia lately, so that she exaggerate her utterance using one of the name of those disaster. Actually there is nit the regular expression between bulu mata and anti badai, but she just combining the utterances with other utterances so it will create new strange language, or perhaps it can call controversy language. Discourse Practice Those utterance used by Syahrini above clearly in order to attract her popularity as one of Indonesian singer. She seems has plan to use those utterances rather than the other utterances proved above in order to be extraordinary in expression something. By those utterances above, she wants to get more attention by her fans, or moreover the Indonesian people. The utterances like sesuatu, cetar membahana, and badai expressed something exaggerated. Here, Syahrini plans to use them regularly in many times. It seems like  she always update her new expression again and again when she was  interviewed by the infotainment journal. Nowadays, who doesn’t know Syahrini? Almost all Indonesian people know her, with her controversy utterances also. Sociocultural Practice Syahrini as one of the popular artist in Indonesia needs to attract her popularity. That’s why she does it by using the controversy utterances or language in expressing something. Before, it had been existed the utterances sesuatu, cetar membahana, and sesuatu in Indonesian. Today, the changes of language formation can be created freely in order to get some intentions. The change in discourse practiced by Syahrini influence the sociocultural of Indonesia and Indonesian people. By the utterances used by Syahrini that have been illustrated above, the people imitate that expression from children until adult use that utterances. CONCLUSION From those explanations above, it should be underlined that her utterances above imply the deep meaning beside it. One of the reasons is that she say the exaggeration expression in order to get more intentions from her fans. Moreover, she also wants to get extra intention from Indonesian people. NO 1 2 3 4 Utterances Sesuatu Cetar Membahana Bulu mata anti badai Jambul Khatulistiwa Meaning Luar biasa More than sesuatu Bulu mata lentik Jambul Keren REFERENCES Choyimah, Nurul. 2013. CDA handout. Unpublished Paul Gee, James. 2011. An introduction to discourse analysis: theory and method. New York: Routledge Fairclough N., 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Polity Press: Cambridge. Fairclough N., 2000. Discourse, social theoryand social research: the discourse of welfare reform. Journal of Sociolinguistics4, pp. 163-195 Kata Syahrini. [Online]. Available: http://www.dusunblog.com/2012/11/kata-syahrini-cucok-mokorocodot.html [Accessed from the Internet on May 22, 2012] Syahrini Manfaatkan Jargon Unuk Popularitas. [Online]. Available: http://www.cumicumi.com/posts/2011/09/24/23004/26/syahrini-manfaatkanjargon-untuk-popularitas.html