Thursday, October 31, 2019

Management Report Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Management Report - Dissertation Example Unlike other resources which an organization deploys people or its staff are live resources that think, have feelings, aspirations, motives and emotions which get nurtured, developed ,frustrated or stunted every now and then. No human would be willing to work with frustrated aspirations or stunted and suppressed feelings. Thus it becomes incumbent on an organization to nurture and develop the feelings, aspirations, emotions of its employees. Recruitment and selection is only the starting point in labeling the potential employee as successful; it is the proper organizational induction process that ensures that the employee catches his breath, looks around the organization, understands its basic and core activities, evaluates the various opportunities and facilities for growth, looks at the responsibilities maps and evaluates the sources available in the organization to carry out the tasks given to him/her in the job card. Thus a proper induction process is the start of the strategic H R function for any organization. A short cut or improper induction process may result in cutting short the employee's overall experience in the organization and may critically affect his overall morale and motivation .A proper induction is also an important step in setting up the employee on a potential path of employee empowerment. A proper orientation can also result in developing leaders among employees. This paper examines the overall strategic HR function in reference to the role of the process of induction and orientation. 9 Building on this focus this paper maintains the following research and Project Learning Objectives 10 Research Objectives 10 The main objectives of the proposed research scheme primarily concerning the impact of induction procedures...A change model built by Ghoshal and Bartlett can be considered for application in the case of MILKO and the suggested induction and onboarding program would set in motion such a change model. This envisages a change from the traditional corporate structure to an organization characterized as an "individualized corporation". This model is built in a manner to provide managers and leaders a perspective from which to deliberate the changes required their organizations. In a traditional corporate structure where compliance, control and contractual employer/employee relationships dominate, the organizations turn bureaucratic and become less hospitable for innovations and quality consciousness. Such organizations present work performance and quality standards which rarely improve from such preset standards. The model radically intends to relocate responsibility and the sense of ow nership to the employee encouraging greater discipline in getting to targets- a process ably supported by requisite systems and visibility of information. In conclusion, this paper took up the study of MILKOS and found through a survey that employee induction efforts had left much to be desired. This paper is an attempt to devise and propose a new induction process that is based upon well-researched theoretical models and concepts that threw out the important dimensions that may be essential to cover in the employee induction program. The paper finally suggests such an ideal induction program and bases it on the realities of MILKOS.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

The Soul and the Aristotelian Analysis of Human Beauty Essay

The Soul and the Aristotelian Analysis of Human Beauty - Essay Example It is pure by nature and can be corrupted by repetitive negative actions that later on may turn into habits. Basically, the soul is the core of every person that controls the objective mind. It deals with emotions and feelings. Instincts can be attributed to emotions, guts and soul. The spirit or soul carries on the challenges of life when the objective and limited capacity of the objective mind and the body cannot handle anything more. The soul is also the source of one’s strength and the basic foundation of every human being since it cannot deny the needs of every person. It can also bring out the best and maximize the potentials of each human being. It controls the entire being which can be equated as the main essence and purpose in life. The common purpose in the life of human beings is to achieve perfection and in that pursuit, the soul perceives perfection and takes charge of the physical body to take action and turn the concept into reality. The soul serves as the guide in planning the destination in life. It is the inner world where people have dreams, goals and aspirations. Creative people use the inner world and the soul to make and create new things and innovations in the world. The soul plays an important role in defining human beauty. Many people nowadays link beauty to flawless skin, star-like eyes, silky smooth hair, kissable lips, sexiness, strong male image, and everything related to the physical body. The popular culture heavily describes the skin-deep beauty to be more important than the inner qualities. In actuality, both the inner and the outer qualities of human beings constitute the concept of human beauty. It would be hard though to just limit the definition or the meaning of beauty as people have different beliefs. Beliefs drive the lives of people and affect their decision-making process and the manner which they perceive things. The real concept of beauty is best explained by the old but famous saying, â€Å"beauty is in the e ye of the beholder.† It shows how the concept of beauty depends upon the person looking at it. Each human being has his or her own concept of beauty. Some may define beauty through good looks and physique while others may focus on the beauty of the heart and the soul. Others may look at both in varying levels. This only shows that all people are beautiful, and all creatures are also beautiful since the concept of beauty is flexible and subjective. The objective mind or the logical thinking only creates standards on things like beauty to have a unifying concept that can be understood by all people. In the subject of soul and beauty, Aristotelian analysis can be used to study the relationship since the concept involves the logic, the credibility and the emotions. Purpose, context, and subject also affect the relationship of the writer to the readers of the paper. Every aspect and view can greatly influence how soul can help in the understanding of human beauty. Each person is a whole composed of body, mind and spirit or soul that gives the full understanding the credit when all of them are engaged in knowing and learning about concepts such as beauty. By including everyone whether their perception of beauty may be contrasting to the beauty concept of others, all must be included as life does not travel in one path, but in multiple ways as individualism is well-expressed by the existence of the soul. Uniqueness shows how people are

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Differences of Opinion in End of Life Care

Differences of Opinion in End of Life Care Introduction The case study relates to an expected death of one of the residents who lived in a care home that provides nursing care and support for older people with many various conditions. Mr. X became frail after a couple of months of admission to the settlement. Lastly he was treated by antibiotics for various infections, mainly chest and urine (four times within a short period of time 8-9 weeks). Regrettably his body appeared not to respond to the treatment used. He was losing the ability to decide about himself gradually. Due to Mr X’s limited mental capacity one of his sons had power of attorney (POA) in order to make complex decisions related to his father care. Adult with incapacity (AWI) certificate was in place. Suddenly Mr X’s condition deteriorated rapidly and actions were required in relation his end of life care. POA holder wished Mr. X to be transferred to the hospital for further, invasive treatments. However staff members were of the opinion that according to Mr X’s wishes he would prefer to be cared for within his present settlement. Assessment The issue in this situation was: differences in family and staff views at what the patient stated he would want to have and by whom he would want to be cared for at the end of his life. The identified problem was the risk of abuse of the patient’s autonomy. Although the son had good intentions to prolong Mr. X’s life because he was anxious and did not know how to approach the decision making, staff felt that Mr. X was becoming more ‘an object’ and not a person. According to Department of Health (DH) abuse can have unintentional complexities stemming from relationships of individuals involved (DH, 2000). The team lead by myself had to face a difficult and complex task of being ‘the advocate’ (Hurst et al., 2008) of Mr. X and brief the son about his fathers’ wishes. Under Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act (2003) Mr X have chosen his son, to have power of attorney (POA) to make decisions about his health on his behalf, but he also specified in advance that he does not want to be transferred to hospital at last stages of his life. The NHS (NHS Choices, 2015) state that one cannot override this decision unless the POA specifies that the acting on behalf has the power to do so which was not the case We had to find a way to explain in a tactful manner that the approach to care will be palliative with rather sad prognosis trying to remove some of the stress from the difficult situation. At the same time documentation had to be looked through accurately; checked and analyzed and completed to have new care plans related to Mr. X final life stages in place. This was to ensure accountability and demonstrate how decisions related to Mr.X’s care were made (The Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010). As trained staff, leading the unit and being directly involved in Mr.X’s care I was responsible for passing reliable and factual information assuring the best outcome for him but also for coordinating the team and communicating with the family. Bass (2008) recommends democratic approach that allows the leader balancing the decision-making stage by encouraging participation; by being consultative, consensual and concerned with people. Foster (2002) claims that the best way to manage challenging situations is to estimate what needs to be done, how and by whom it needs to be done . Mr.’s X’s condition deteriorated very rapidly and because the event was taking place within ‘doctors out of hours’ advice have been sought trough NHS 24 phone line with the resonance of a doctor’s visit. This was done to seek an opinion and to discuss the best treatment available for my patient which involved pain relief and comfort making as well as to assure the son that all available resources have been used to provide best possible care for Mr X. Seeking advice and asking the doctor to explain to the POA holder, why staying within the settlement would be better for Mr. X related to Bateman’s (2000) view of collective decisions making when acting on someone’s behalf. A member of staff, known to have very good relationship with the son was appointed to have an initial chat with him whilst Mr. X has been seen by the doctor. Palliative Care Guidelines (2013) suggest appointing a person who knows the patient well that is able to affirm life and regard dying as a normal process of life when communicating with the family. Delegating the right person for the right role is also urged by Stranberg (2015) who explains that it frees the leader up to tackle other important aspects of the mission. Motacki and Bruke (2010) add that delegating increases confidence and morale of subordinates and this way improves quality of care that they deliver. However, irrespective of the advantages of the democratic approach, there was little visible effectiveness in terms of Mr X’s deteriorating condition. Kane and Patapan (2012) claim that one of the disadvantages of the democratic approach is that it takes a lot of time. Mr.X’s situation required a less time consuming approach. Sadler (2003) argues that when decisions need to be made quickly authoritative and autocratic styles are the most effective. They allow strict but clear directions (autocratic) and assure credibility (authoritative). Whilst one of the delegated team members was talking to Mr. X’s son, the most appropriate treatment for Mr X was discussed between me and the doctor; the prognosis for Mr X were, alas, maximum a couple of days. Although the role of a nurse in a care home evolved over the last years there is a negative stereotype in the public related to care in nursing homes and many nurses find it hard to match the social status that a doctor carries with the title which is often voiced by the family members ( Sanders, 2012) To avoid the possible course of action related to who passes the information I have asked the doctor to speak with the son and explain the advantages of making a ‘Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation’ (DNACPR) decision. Brass (2008) explains that the autocratic leader decides, directs and controls all activities and is an effective forward thinker assuring at the same time good but strict organisation by keeping close regulation of policies and procedures. Kane and Patapan (2012) alert to use the democracy wisely explaining that, at times, democracy can do more harm than help. Although the democratic style is often considered very effective it demands a lot of time to set a plan, let people contribute and then opt for the best course of action. Both styles used enabled the team to organize and plan Mr. X’s end of life care in a desired way. The autocratic/ authoritative style by giving me confidence and resources in the form of pain and distress relief medication that were in place to be used when required and the DNACPR. The democratic discussing proposed course of actions with the doctor, the team and the family member. Peters (2005) encourages to mix styles in order to be effective but underlines that it is needed to have a broad repertoire of styles and to use them appropriately. By choosing the member of team who was familiar with the family I have managed to reduce the barrier between the POA and staff; and empower the team to take an active part in the tasks. This approach concerned both: Mr. X and his son and the members of the team. †¦ claims that team leaders and managers should pay attention to building team relationships because it helps the team to meet the established goals and objectives and to work as one cohesive unit. †¦ Ward (2002) adds that nursing needs leaders that can be facilitators to humanize their workplaces and this can be achieved by paying more attention to the people that work for an organisation. Creating the atmosphere of good relationships we have gained more time to plan individual care for Mr. X, as per his wish. The case demonstrated application of ‘demo autocratic’ approach by mixing the two styles often perceived as opposites. Planning The desired outcome was to help the patient to die comfortably and dignified and to help the son understand and accept his decisions (made when he was still capable) regarding his last days of life. The team had focus on the quality of care for Mr X that would mirror his wishes; [. in his room, looking at familiar faces around him, with his favorite music in the background, comfortable and pain free] The established goals refer to ’7-step protocol to negotiate goals of care’ recommended by Buckman (1992) and to Scottish Palliative Care Guidelines (NHS Scotland, 2014) Involve the entire team; encourage effective communication and a forward thinking approach; create the right setting – ensuring time and atmosphere to discuss the situation Determine the POA awareness and compare it with Mr.X wishes to clarify the context Check documents and explore what Mr X. was expecting and hoping for, compare it with POA holders’ expectations and explain best possible outcomes. Suggest realistic objectives; consult the doctor; organise DNACPR Alert everybody in the team to offer support and act in a sensitive and tactful manner knowing emotions that may arise. Make a plan and follow through – how Mr.X’s symptoms will be controlled and managed; appoint staff to observe and report changes in Mr. X condition, co-ordinate care; have pain and distress relief medication in place to be used when required; Review and revise Mr. X ability to eat and drink; his comfort; medication and doctor/nursing interventions required Have daily and hourly charts to control hydration level (fluid chart) and comfort (hourly turning chart) analyse them and act appropriately. Implementation To implement the goals it was important to obtain Mr. X’s sons agreement to continue with providing the care for Mr X within the care home. Mustafa (2015) suggest using imaginary approach and recommends talking about thoughts, values, wishes and desires of the dying person which helps to understand their points of view to end-of-life. Katz and Peace (2003) claim that this approach aims to enable a family member to put him/herself in the place of the dying person helps them choose as he or she would like. My duty was to coordinate the team- delegate tasks and people; control the situation and act in Mr X best interests by communicating with staff – explaining why and what is the desired outcome; document -write and implement ‘end of life care plan’: including pain and distress relief; hydration, skin care and wellbeing in terms of comfort and dignity. This related to an approach known as best interests (Katz and Peace, 2003) with the aim to decide what would be best Mr.X Delegating staff helped to provide good quality of care for Mr.X and demonstrated that our actions were not about ‘passive watching a dying person’ but about fulfilling Mr X wishes. Contacting the doctor and discussing Mr.X condition helped in implementing goals related to pain relief and distress as well as in obtaining the DNACPR decision. This meant for the team that all appropriate treatments will be given but we will not attempt CPR to let Mr. X pass away peacefully. The rationale for the DNACPR decision was explained to the son by the doctor making it clear that transfer to hospital was not appropriate. The steps undertaken are amongst others recommended by Morris and Collier (2012) in as guidance for care workers dealing with patients at their ends of lives. It was essential to involve the whole team and to trust each other in order to follow through the plan made earlier, ensuring that Mr X’s symptoms of pain and discomfort were controlled and managed. So once we had the pain relief and DNACPR in place to be used when required, it was needed to have dedicated people who could ‘flag up’ the moments of implementing them into practice. We had an explanatory meeting to alert staff to observe and document Mr. X’s ability to eat and drink; skin and his general comfort by completing daily and hourly charts to control hydration level (fluid chart) and comfort (hourly turning chart) to analyse them and act appropriately. This required excellent communication skills from the entire team. (†¦.) underlines the importance of care workers’ ability to use wide range of communicating skills such as nonverbal: touch, watch facial and eyes expression and listen. This way we could receive information about a particular of care aspect that needed to be addressed. Old and Swagerty (2007) mention that setting goals and their implementation is a challenging subject in the palliative care because the customers views differ from their families. The patients’ needs relate in the majority to sense of security, comfort and quality of life whereas the families focus more on the revival itself. The implementation of the goals set by the team related to the abilities of seeing the â€Å"whole† patientwhich is considered the underpinning philosophy in palliative care (Twomey et.al. 2007). Evaluation According to Crowie et al. (2012) case studies allow in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in real-life settings and are often used to improve health care. Nursing teams have a constant presence in the patients life within care home settlements, while other healthcare professionals or relatives visit them with varying frequency and for limited periods of time. Therefore the teams are the direct environment for the people that they look after and depending on their professionalism, knowledge, style and compassion, the patient’s quality of life may vary. They deal with different conditions and face many challenges that can result in poor care delivery (Care Quality Commission (2013/14) Their attitudes to care are often perceived as more task based than person centered.Patients however, like Mr. X, often cannot decide for themselves and therefore need to be treated with even greater respect, dignity and compassion (Care Quality Commission, 2013/14) Although Mr X was considered at the end of life as he was likely to die within the next 12 months at admission to the care home (The General Medical Council, 2010) there was no clear instructions within his files of what do when his condition changes suddenly. The appointed by Mr.X POA holder had the right to make decisions for him regardless Mr X’s wishes that were nuncupated to staff only. Respecting his wishes the team made a great effort to act in the best interest of Mr.X This related to the use of various components of management and leadership. The Quality Compliance Systems (2014) highlights that the delivery of successful health and social care services relies on effective management and strong leadership. The Nursing and Midwifery Councils (2004) guidance implies an active approach from nurses is expected, using the terms protect and promote in relation to the rights of terminally ill patients and directs that â€Å"nurses must respect the rights of the individual and the patient/clients role in planning their own care. Nurses are seen as advocates for the customers and have a legal, moral and professional duty to care recognising the customer’s right to individual choice at all times†. There is however evidence of inconsistencies in palliative care services (House of Commons Health Committee, 2004) and this is why care teams need to take active part in creating ‘cultures of high quality care’. Dixon-Woods et al. (2014) state that there are four key elements: â€Å"inspiring visions operationalised at every level; clear, aligned objectives for all teams, departments and individual staff; supportive and enabling people management and high levels of staff engagement; learning, innovation and quality improvement embedded in the practice of all staff† to ensure compassionate care and high quality of care for patients. West et al. (2014) add team working as the fifth crucial element of improving quality of care. The family could have been explained the palliative care approach before the rapid deterioration of Mr X condition. Trough more effective communication and a forward thinking approach discussed with the family the issue of the suspected abuse of the autonomy would possibly become non existent The GP could have been contacted sooner to discuss CPR decison.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Comparing Tolstoy’s novel, The Death of Ivan Ilyich and the Russian Sta

Comparing Tolstoy’s novel, The Death of Ivan Ilyich and the Russian State In Leo Tolstoy’s novel The Death of Ivan Ilyich, the title character’s life changes in several important ways during the course of the story. First, his relationships with the people in his life change. Secondly, he engages in different â€Å"forms of diversion† as his life goes through different stages. Thirdly, his attitude towards wealth and possessions changes near the end of his life. In addition, we also see a gradual realization and acceptance of death. One could draw interesting parallels between the progression of Ivan Ilyich’s character and the Russian state and leadership in the latter part of the Imperial period. The changes in Ivan’s relationships with other people are seen best with his friends and family. Through most of the story, we see that he chooses friends based on social standing. He even applies this to his family, as illustrated near the beginning. His younger brother, having only obtained an appointment in the Railway Division, is labeled a failure by his family and avoided at all costs. Ivan Ilyich’s relationship with his wife is also of particular interest. He seems fairly happy while a newlywed, but becomes quite annoyed with his wife for creating â€Å"distasteful and ill-mannered scenes† (Tolstoy 56; ch. 2) around the time of her pregnancy. At first he tries to ignore her by carrying on with his former social life, but eventually finds that his work is the only excuse that can get him away from her. He goes on avoiding his wife with varying success until the onset of his illness, being confined more and more to his home. During this last st age of his life, he purposely starts arguments with his family, ... ...was unable to control it any longer. The Duma which he had created instantiated a new provisional government and Nicholas finally abdicated the throne. As has been demonstrated, character changes in Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich find parallels in Russian power specifically through its rulers’ foreign and domestic policies. Though never expressly implied, one can assume that the author, having been quite politically involved, considered such things while writing his novella. We must not put biting social and political satire past a man who, among other things, was involved in the mass emigration of oppressed Russian Jews to the United States and Canada (Riasanovsky 397). Works Cited Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. A History of Russia. 6th ed. New York: Oxford, 2000. Tolstoy, Leo. The Death of Ivan Ilyich. Bantam Classic ed. New York: Bantam, 1981.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Discourse Analysis Mini Research Essay

This chapter presents an introduction consisting of background of study, problems of study, objective of the study, and significance of the study. 1.1 Background of the Study Language has a social function as a tool to make connection between human beings. Without language, it seems impossible for people to interact with others in their daily life because language can express people’s feeling, willing, opinion, etc. In case of communication, some public figures might influence language use in socio culture. The figure public not only as the entertainer for society but also as a trendsetter of any aspects such as the fashion style, hobby, and the language style. The later aspect is the interesting one that we want to analyze in our mini research. The influence of figure public language style toward society is could studied in Critical Discourse Analysis (commonly abbreviated to CDA). Fairclough, the founder of CDA, explains that CDA is a theory of language in relation to power and ideology (1995:1). This is a theory enabling us to discover how a ruling class rules the society through their linguistics practices. Simply put, CDA is an interdisciplinary study combining linguistic theory and social theories, such as politics, economics, religion, culture, communication, etc. in order to shed light on how the social and power domination are acted out in linguistic practice. We can found language style used by figure public in any kinds of media such as television, radio, internet, newspaper, and even in media socials. One of the phenomenal public figure is an Indonesian singer, Syahrini, who is known by her words. She produces some famous words such as sesuatu, Alhamdulillah ya, cetar membahana, and the last one is terpampang nyata. Those five words are famous among our society and everyone often use them in daily communication. How do Syahrini’s words influence language use in socio cultural? Of course, there is a reason why does Syahrini have big impact to society’s language usage. Based on the unique phenomena above, the researchers conduct the mini research entitled â€Å"Meaning Construction in Syahrini’s Utterances†. 1.2 Problem of The Study Based on the background above, the problem of the study is formulated as follow: a. How do the words produced by Syahrini influence language use in social practice? 1.3 Objective of The Study Objective of the study is: a. To find out the influence of the words produced by Syahrini toward language use in social practice CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Discourse Analysis According to Gillian Brown, discourse analysis is a term that has come to have different interpretations for scholars working in different disciplines. For a sociolinguist, it is concerned mainly with the structure of social interaction manifested in conversation; for a psycholinguist, it is primarily concerned with the nature of comprehension of short written texts; for the computational linguist, it is concerned with producing operational models of text-understanding within highly limited contexts. In this textbook, the authors provide an extensive overview of the many and diverse approaches to the study of discourse, but base their own approach centrally on the discipline which, to varying degrees, is common to them all linguistics. Using a methodology which has much in common with descriptive linguistics, they offer a lucid and wide-ranging account of how forms of language are used in communication. Their principal concern is to examine how any language produced by man, whether spoken or written, is used to communicate for a purpose in a context. The discussion is carefully illustrated throughout by a wide variety of discourse types (conversations recorded in different social situations, extracts from newspapers, notices, contemporary fiction, graffiti, etc.). The techniques of analysis are described and exemplified in sufficient detail for the student to be able to apply them to any language in context that he or she encounters. A familiarity with elementary linguistics is assumed, but the range of issues discussed in conjunction with the variety of exemplification presented will make this a valuable and stimulating textbook not only for students of linguistics, but for any reader who wishes to investigate the principles underlying the use of language in natural contexts to communicate and understand intended meaning. 2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Discourse Analysis is based heavily upon Halliday‟s systemic functional linguistics (Fairclough, 1992, Fairclough 1999), and the critical linguistics approach which stemmed from the work led by Roger Fowler at the University of East Anglia in the 1970s (Fairclough 1992, Coffin 2001). Fairclough supported the ideas of critical linguistics, but felt that in many respects, they did not go far enough. Fowler claims that the effectiveness of critical linguistics lies in â€Å"its capacity to equip readers for demystificatory readings of ideology-laden texts† (Fowler, 1996: 6). But Fairclough believed that this focuses excessively on the „text as product‟, to the detriment of examining how these texts are produced, and how they may be interpreted. For Fairclough, it is equally vital that we understand the process of production of the text, as well as the process of interpretation of the text. CDA aims at making the connections transparent among discourse practices, social practices and social structures, connections that might be opaque to the layperson (Sheyholislami 2001). Luke (as cited in Taiwo 2007) describes that CDA is a method of DA that reveals hidden ideas behind everyday discussion. Language is no longer seen as merely reflecting outer reality. Fiske (1994) says that our words are never neutral they carry power that reflects interest of speakers. The objective of CDA is to uncover the ideologies or assumptions that are hidden behind the words of our written texts or oral speech. 2.3 Fairclough’s Framework for Analysis Discourses are forms of social practice. They are also obviously texts (in the wider sense of the word). But Fairclough‟s framework adds a â€Å"mediating‟ third dimension â€Å"which focuses on discourse as a specifically discursive practice† (Fairclough, 1992: 71). Discursive practice is itself a form of social practice, and focuses on the processes of text production, distribution and consumption. diagrammatically as follows: This is represented Fairclough describes this framework as â€Å"an attempt to bring together three analytical traditions, each of which is indispensable These analytical traditions are: – The tradition of close textual and linguistic analysis within linguistics. – The macrosociological tradition of analyzing social practice in relation to social structures – The interpretivist or microsociological tradition of seeing social practice as something which people actively produce and make sense of on the basis of shared commonsense procedures. for discourse analysis†. 2.4 Theory of Ideology The theory of ideology that informs the discourse analytic approach of this paper is multidisciplinary. It is articulated within a conceptual triangle that connects society, discourse and social cognition in the framework of a critical discourse analysis (van Dijk, 1993b). In this approach, ideologies are the basic frameworks for organizing the social cognitions shared by members of social groups, organizations or institutions. In this respect, ideologies are both cognitive and social. They essentially function as the interface between the cognitive representations and processes underlying discourse and action, on the one hand, and the societal position and interests of social groups, on the other hand. This conception of ideology also allows us to establish the crucial link between macrolevel analyses of groups, social formations and social structure, and microlevel studies of situated, individual interaction and discourse. Social cognition is, here, defined as the system of mental representations and processes of group members (for details, see, e.g., Fiske and Taylor, 1991; Resnick, Levine and Teasley, 1991). Part of the system is the sociocultural knowledge shared by the members of a specific group, society or culture. Members of groups may also share evaluative beliefs, viz., opinions, organized into social attitudes. Thus, feminists may share attitudes about abortion, affirmative action or corporate glass ceilings blocking promotion, or other forms of discrimination by men. Ideologies, then, are the overall, abstract mental systems that organize such socially shared attitudes. The feminist attitudes just mentioned, for instance, may be internally structured and mutually related by general principles or propositions that together define a feminist ideology. Similar examples may be given for racist, anti-racist, corporate or ecological attitudes and their underlying ideological systems. Through complex and usually long-term processes of socialization and other forms of social information processing , ideologies are gradually acquired by members of a group or culture. As systems of principles that organize social cognitions, ideologies are assumed to  control, through the minds of the members, the social reproduction of the group. Ideologies mentally represent the basic social characteristics of a group, such as their identity, tasks, goals, norms, values, position and resources. Since ideologies are usually self-serving, it would seem that they are organized by these group-schemata. White racists, for example, represent society basically in terms of a conflict between whites and non-whites, in which the identity, goals, values, positions and resources of whites are seen to be threatened by the others. They do so by representing the relations between themselves and the Others essentially in terms of us versus them, in which we are associated with positive properties and they are associated with bad properties. Such ideologies of groups and group relations are constructed by a groupbased selection of relevant social values. Feminists, on the one hand, select and attach special importance to such values as independence, autonomy and equality. Racists, on the other hand, focus on self-identity, superiority of the own group, and hence on inequality, while at the same time advocating the primacy of their own group and the privilege of preferential access to valued social resources. The contents and schematic organization of group ideologies in the social mind shared by its members are a function of the properties of the group within the societal structure. The identity category of a group ideology organizes the information as well as the social and institutional actions that define membership: who belongs to the group, and who does not; who is admitted and who is not. For groups who share a racist ideology, this may mean, among other things, resentment, actions and policies against immigration and integration in our culture, country, city, neighborhood, family or company. Similarly, the goal category of groups who share a racist ideology organizes the information and actions that define the overall aims of the group, e.g., to keep our country white. The position category foreigners , defines the relations of the group with reference groups, such as, immigrants , refugees or blacks . In sum, the social functions of ideologies are, among others, to allow members of a group to organize (admission to) their group, coordinate their social actions and goals, to protect their (privileged) resources, or, conversely, to gain access to such resources in the case of dissident or oppositional groups. As basic forms of social cognitions, however, ideologies also have cognitive functions. We have already suggested that they organize, monitor and control specific group attitudes. Possibly, ideologies also control the development, structure and application of sociocultural knowledge. To wit, feminists have special interest in acquiring and using knowledge about the dominance of women by men. Generally though, we shall assume that ideologies more specifically control evaluative beliefs, that is, social opinions shared by the members of a group. At this mental interface of the social and the individual, however, ideologies and the attitudes and knowledge they control, also – indirectly – influence the personal cognitions of group members, e.g., the planning and understanding of  their discourses and other forms of (inter)action. These personal mental representations of people’s experiences of such social practices are called models (Johnson-Laird, 1983; van Dijk, 1987b; van Dijk and Kintsch, 1983). Models are mental representations of events, actions, or situations people are engaged in, or which they read about. The set of these models represents the beliefs (knowledge and opinions) people have about their everyday lives and defines what we usually call people’s experiences. These models are unique and personal and controlled by the biographical experiences of social actors. On the other hand, they are also socially controlled, that is, influenced by the general social cognitions members share with other members of their group. This combined presence of personal and (instantiated, particularized, applied) social information in mental models allows us not only to explain the well-known missing link between the individual and the social, between the micro and the macro analysis of society, but also to make explicit the relations between general group ideologies and actual text and talk. That is, models control how people act, speak or write, or how they understand the social practices of others. We, thus, have the  following, highly simplified elements in the relations between ideologies and discourse at various levels of analysis. In other words, ideologies are localized between societal structures and the structures of the minds of social members. They allow social actors to translate their social properties (identity, goal, position, etc.) into the knowledge and beliefs that make up the concrete models of their everyday life experiences, that is, the mental representations of their actions and discourse. Indirectly (viz., through attitudes and knowledge), therefore, ideologies control how people plan and understand their social practices, and hence also the structures of text and talk. Ideologies define and explain the similarities of the social practices of social members, but our theoretical framework at the same time accounts for individual variation. Each social actor is a member of many social groups, each with their own, sometimes conflicting ideologies. At the same time, each social actor has her/his own, sometimes unique, biographical experiences ( old models ), attitudes, ideologies and values, and these will also interfere in the construction of models,  which, in turn, will influence the production (and the comprehension) of discourse. Hence, the schema given above may be read top down, or bottom up. The relations involved are dynamic and dialectic : ideologies partly control what people do and say (via attitudes and models), but concrete social practices or discourses are themselves needed to acquire social knowledge, attitudes and ideologies in the first place, viz., via the models people construct of other’s social practices (including others discourses) (van Dijk, 1990). At many points, our theoretical approach to ideology is at variance with classical and other contemporary approaches to ideology (see Eagleton,1991; Larrain, 1979; Thompson, 1984, 1990). Ideologies in our perspective are not merely systems of ideas, let alone properties of the individual minds of persons. Neither are they vaguely defined as forms of consciousness, let alone as false consciousness. Rather, they are very specific basic frameworks of social cognition, with specific internal structures, and specific cognitive and social functions. As such, they (also) need to be analyzed in terms of explicit social psychological theories (see also Rosenberg, 1988), which obviously has nothing to do with mentalist reductionism. At the same time they are social, for they are  essentially shared by groups and acquired, used, and changed by people as group members in social situations and institutions, often in situations of conflicting interests between social formations (Eagleton, 1991). However, ideologies are not restricted to dominant groups. Oppositional or dominated groups also share ideologies. The main problem of most critical approaches to ideology is that they are exclusively inspired by social sciences and rather confused philosophical approaches. They ignore detailed and explicit cognitive analysis, and so they are unable to explicitly link social structures with social practices and discourses of individuals as social members. Ideologies or other social cognitions in our approach are not reduced to or uniquely defined in terms of the social practices they control (Coulter, 1989), nor to the discourses that express, convey or help reproduce them (Billig et al., 1988; Billig, 1991), or to the institutions in which they are reproduced. (For different but related approaches, see, e.g., Fairclough, 1989, 1992a; Kress and Hodge, 1993.) Discourse analysis as ideological analysis The sketch of the theory of ideology presented above provides us with a conceptual framework that also allows us to engage in ideological analyses , and, hence, a critique of discursive practices. After all, we have seen that ideologies, though variably and indirectly, may be expressed in text and talk, and that discourses similarly function to persuasively help construct new and confirm already present ideologies. In both cases, this means that there may be discourse structures that are particularly relevant for an efficient expression or persuasive  communication of ideological meanings. For instance, headlines in newspapers,, taken as prominent expressions of the overall meaning or gist (semantic macrostructure) of a news report in the press, form a special discourse category that is probably more likely to express or convey ideological content than, for instance, the number of commas in a text. On the other hand, we have no a priori theoretical grounds to exclude any textual structures from expressing underlying ideological principles. Indeed, virtually all discourse structures are involved in the functional expression of mental models of events or communicative contexts, and,  therefore, of the opinions that are part of such mental models. To wit, a racist opinion of a speaker about his black interlocutor, may be subtly expressed (involuntarily or not) by minimal intonation variations, interpreted by the black interlocutor as a racist way of addressing her, while sounding unwarrantably insolent or impolite (for many such examples of everyday racism, see Essed, 1991). Let us now examine these levels and properties of discourse and the ways ideologies may be expressed and conveyed more systematically. However, before we present a summary of preferential discourse  structures for the expression and communication of ideological meanings, we should be clearly aware of what we are looking for. Given the theory of ideology presented above, we need to attend primarily to those properties of discourse that express or signal the opinions, perspective, position, interests or other properties of groups. This is specifically the case when there is a conflict of interest, that is, when events may be seen, interpreted or evaluated in different, possibly opposed ways. The structures of ideologies also suggest that such representations are often articulated along an us versus them dimension, in which speakers of one group will generally tend to present themselves or their own group in positive terms, and other groups in negative terms. Thus, any property of discourse that expresses, establishes, confirms or emphasizes a self- interested group opinion, perspective or position, especially in a broader socio-political context of social struggle, is a candidate for special attention in such an ideological analysis. Such discourse structures usually have the social function of legitimating dominance or justifying concrete actions of power abuse by the elites. Surface structures The surface structures of discourse refer to the variable forms of expression at the level of phonological and graphical realization of underlying syntactic,  semantic, pragmatic or other abstract discourse structures. With a few exceptions, such surface structures of text and talk do not have explicit  meanings of their own. They are only the conventional manifestations of underlying meanings. Yet, such surface structures may express and convey special operations or strategies. For instance, special stress or volume or large printed type may strategically be used to emphasize or attract attention to specific meanings, as is the case when shouting at people or in screaming newspaper headlines. In the same way, special into national contours may help express irony, (lack of) politeness or other semantic or interactional meanings and functions. These examples already suggest that surface structures may express or control the ways in which events are interpreted by speech participants. A large banner headline may emphasize the biased summary of a news event, about a race riot, for instance, and insulting volume or intonation may similarly inequality between speaker and signal social  hearer. Theoretically, this means that communicative contexts may  ideologically controlled models of events or of  represent women or minorities in a negative way, and such opinions will not only influence the meanings of the text but also, indirectly, the sometimes subtle variations of the graphical or phonological surface structures. Indeed, whereas the meanings of the text may not explicitly express or encode prejudice or social inequality, surface structures may let anyway. In general this means that such surface structures must be marked. They must be out of the ordinary and violate communicative rules or principles, i.e., those of normal size headlines, normal volume or intonation in polite transpire such hidden meanings  speech, and so on. Depending on meaning and context, then, such deviant surface structures may signal, express, or convey similarly deviant properties  of models, such as a specially negative opinion about the competence of a woman or a black man. In other words, ideological surface structures primarily function as signals of special meanings or model structures, and  may, thus, also contribute to special processing of such interpretations of text and talk. Special graphical or phonological emphasis may also manage the importance of information or beliefs, and, hence, the hierarchical organization of models in which important information is located at the top. Conversely, meanings and beliefs may be de-emphasized or concealed by non-prominent graphical or phonological structures when they express meanings that are inconsistent with the goals or interests of the speaker. Intonation, such as the tone of racist insults, may also conventionally signal specific social relations, and hence also ideologically based inequality. That is, they also influence the context models of the communicative context. The same is true for other forms of non-verbal communication, such as gestures, facial expression, proximity, and so on, which also may signal interpersonal and social relations, and, therefore, ideological meanings. Finally, it is well known that accented speech of sociolects or dialects express or convey social class, ethnicity, gender, or social relations of familiarity or intimacy, as has been shown in much sociolinguistic and social psychological research (Giles and Coupland, 1991; Montgomery, 1986). Again, it is obvious  that such social relations may also be structured in conflict and inequality, and so presuppose ideological differences. Accents may thus signal or express prestige, accommodation, dominance, resistance or other ideologically controlled social relations. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS There are four aspect that are discussed in the chapter of research method. That are : (1) type of research, (2) data and data sources, (3) data collection methods, and (4) data analysis 3.1 Type of research In this research, the writer uses qualitative research. According to Creswell (1997, p.15) Qualitative research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting. The researcher analyzed CDA in the words produced by Syahrini. Therefore, later the researchers described the result of their analysis which tried to find out the influence of the words  produced by Syahrini toward language use in social culture. 3.2 Data and Data Sources The data sources were taken from the words produced by Syahrini. She is an Indonesian singer who is known by her words such as sesuatu, Alhamdulillah ya, cetar membahana, jambul khatulistiwa, and terpampang nyata. Those words are produced by Syahrini herself and they have a significant influence language use because many people use them in daily communication 3.3 Data Collection Methods There are three steps in collecting data, those are : 1. The writers searched the words produced by Syahrini from the internet. 2. Listing the words produced by Syahrini 3.4 Data Analysis In analyzing the data, the writer used some steps as follows: 1. Identifying and analyzing the words produced by Syahrini using Fairclough’s dimension of discourse 2. Drawing conclusion CHAPTER IV FINDING AND CONCLUSION 4.1 Finding Ideologies Syahrini as one of the popular artist I Indonesia has her own characteristics of ideal beautiful person, moreover women. Unconsciously, she creates her own version of the ideal women characters. She prefers to see the ideal women based on their physical appearances. She phanatically sees the beautiful women are they who have good physical appearances, such as slim body, white skin, straight nose, bulu mata lentik, and having jambul. It can be proved with the utterances regularly used by her like Cettar Membahana, Jambul Katulistiwa. It can be concluded that he prefer to see the author beauty rather than the inner beauty of women. The following supports the above explanation. Here are the utterances regularly used by Syahrini, : 1. Sesuatu 2. Cetar Membahana 3. Jambul Khatulistiwa 4. Bulu Mata Anti Badai Text Analysis Those utterances are merely concerned with the diction choice and structure formation. As we know, those utterances spelled by Syahrini who is one of famous artist or singer in Indonesia. She prefer to say (datum 1) in expressing her feeling toward something. The expression of (1) represents her regret or interest expression like mempesona, meriah, gokil. For example: Trans TV sesuatu banget ya or Ayushanti memang sesuatu. Instead of saying Trans TV gokil banget she prefers to say Trans TV sesuatu banget. In Bahasa Indonesia sesuatu has the equal meaning as  something. The diction something or sesuatu usually has the position as noun, but here Syahrini use this diction as adjective. On the other hand, Syharini usually say Cettar Membahana. Cettar membahana has the equal meaning as Luar Biasa or Amazing. Instead of saying luar biasa, she prefers to say cettar membahana. Cettar in Bahasa Indonesia followed the theory of onomatopoeia which defines as language formation influenced by the sound of something. Cettar expresses the sound of fireworks when it burnt-out. So cettar menas something burnt, eye-catching, interesting, or extraordinary. Besides that, she also adds the diction membahana after the word cetar. Membahana has almost the same meaning with cetar, but membahana here as adverb and better as adjectives. Form those explanation above cetar membahana means kill the expression of something amazed, great. In fact there is the expression like â€Å"luar biasa† or â€Å"meankjubkan† in Indonesia there Syahrini used the exaggeration expression in expressing something. Next, Syahrini also used the expression â€Å"Bulu Mata Anti Badai† instead of saying â€Å"bulu mata lentik†. She prefers to say bulu mata badai perhaps it caused many disasters happened in Indonesia lately, so that she exaggerate her utterance using one of the name of those disaster. Actually there is nit the regular expression between bulu mata and anti badai, but she just combining the utterances with other utterances so it will create new strange language, or perhaps it can call controversy language. Discourse Practice Those utterance used by Syahrini above clearly in order to attract her popularity as one of Indonesian singer. She seems has plan to use those utterances rather than the other utterances proved above in order to be extraordinary in expression something. By those utterances above, she wants to get more attention by her fans, or moreover the Indonesian people. The utterances like sesuatu, cetar membahana, and badai expressed something exaggerated. Here, Syahrini plans to use them regularly in many times. It seems like  she always update her new expression again and again when she was  interviewed by the infotainment journal. Nowadays, who doesn’t know Syahrini? Almost all Indonesian people know her, with her controversy utterances also. Sociocultural Practice Syahrini as one of the popular artist in Indonesia needs to attract her popularity. That’s why she does it by using the controversy utterances or language in expressing something. Before, it had been existed the utterances sesuatu, cetar membahana, and sesuatu in Indonesian. Today, the changes of language formation can be created freely in order to get some intentions. The change in discourse practiced by Syahrini influence the sociocultural of Indonesia and Indonesian people. By the utterances used by Syahrini that have been illustrated above, the people imitate that expression from children until adult use that utterances. CONCLUSION From those explanations above, it should be underlined that her utterances above imply the deep meaning beside it. One of the reasons is that she say the exaggeration expression in order to get more intentions from her fans. Moreover, she also wants to get extra intention from Indonesian people. NO 1 2 3 4 Utterances Sesuatu Cetar Membahana Bulu mata anti badai Jambul Khatulistiwa Meaning Luar biasa More than sesuatu Bulu mata lentik Jambul Keren REFERENCES Choyimah, Nurul. 2013. CDA handout. Unpublished Paul Gee, James. 2011. An introduction to discourse analysis: theory and method. New York: Routledge Fairclough N., 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Polity Press: Cambridge. Fairclough N., 2000. Discourse, social theoryand social research: the discourse of welfare reform. Journal of Sociolinguistics4, pp. 163-195 Kata Syahrini. [Online]. Available: http://www.dusunblog.com/2012/11/kata-syahrini-cucok-mokorocodot.html [Accessed from the Internet on May 22, 2012] Syahrini Manfaatkan Jargon Unuk Popularitas. [Online]. Available: http://www.cumicumi.com/posts/2011/09/24/23004/26/syahrini-manfaatkanjargon-untuk-popularitas.html

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Nonverbal, Interpersonal, and Textual Communication Worksheet Essay

Nonverbal communication plays an essential role in any conversation. Individuals who are aware of nonverbal actions during conversations can more effectively interpret what is being communicated. Part 1 Look at the interactions between the individuals in the following photos and interpret what you think is being expressed through nonverbal communication. Please describe the nonverbal cues that lead you to these interpretations. What is being said nonverbally by each person? In this non-verbal communication scenario, both individuals are showing emotion. The communication appears to be a disagreement. The woman appears to be trying to hold the conversation together, but the man looks annoyed and ready to leave the conversation. Both individuals are showing gestures through body movement. In this situation the man looks as if he is saying â€Å"I do not want to hear it†. Both facial expressions are cues describing the non-verbal communication. The argument or issues tends to not result in a resolution. The conflict seems to still be apparent in the conversation. This appears to be a relationship that needs work. By the woman holding his arm, I would assume the individuals have a close relationship. The man could be hurt by a certain situation that he is just now learning more about. If he is waiting for a job interview, what impression do you think he is going to make? If this individual is waiting for a job interview, he is giving the impression of not caring about receiving the job at all. I would assume he is only there, because he has to be. The person given the interview could  assume he is hung-over and not professional. This individual is slouching in his chair, which gives off the impression of being lazy. If this individual is preparing for an interview he should have his shirt tucked in and sitting up straight in the chair. If I was the person giving the interview and walked out to him presenting himself in this manner I would not give him the time of day. I would instantly judge the individuals character as not being a hard-worker. I would assume he would expect everyone else to do the work for him instead of taking responsibility for his actions. The individual also is wearing jeans with holes. This is another cue of unprofessionalism. What is the interviewer (the woman on the right) communicating with her nonverbal positioning? The woman giving the interview looks like she is intrigued and fully involved in the interview process. The woman also has her arms crossed, as if she could not be completely happy about giving the interview. She is also appearing to not care what the interviewee is communicating to her. Her arms being crossed are showing signs of attitude. I think her non-verbal positioning and facial expression is more negative than positive. If I were the interviewee, I would think the interviewer already had her mind decided about the interview. Part 2 Compose responses to each of the following questions. 1. Which of the images demonstrates an interpersonal communication exchange? How can you tell? Interpersonal communication is defined as communication that occurs between two people who simultaneously attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationships. In image one, I think the interpersonal communication was engaged between the two individuals, but the communication is failing to stay engaged. In image one I do not see any mutual influence or quality in the conversation. I also think the third  image can be considered interpersonal communication, because this communication involves two individuals mutually engaged in the conversation. I think the interviewer is keeping the interview going by communicating questions and learning about past work history. The interviewee has to answer the interview questions, which is keeping the interview engaged. In the third image the interpersonal communication is contrasted with impersonal communication, because of the roles each individual holds in the conversation. 2. What types of interpersonal communication are being displayed in the images? Why? Interpersonal communication involves quality, which makes the difference in the conversation. Interpersonal communication also occurs when we treat the other as a unique human being, which is being shown in image three during the interview process. I think it is also showing impersonal communication because the image is refereeing to the roles of each individual. The interview process could also involve interpersonal communication that involves mutual influence. The influence could be the interviewer persuading the interviewee of the positive benefits of taking the job being interviewed for. Image one is interpersonal communication that helps manage relationships. This interpersonal communication is about the interaction and contribution to with stand a strong relationship. 3. Part 3 Textual communication, or content that is read or viewed, also plays a role in communicating with others. Textual information may gain deeper meaning when the text is spoken or viewed in a specific context versus when it is read. Read the following quotes and write a 50- to 100-word interpretation of what you think is being expressed. Support your responses. If you wish to include references, please format your responses consistent with APA guidelines. â€Å"Maybe all one can do is hope to end up with the right regrets.† (The Ride  down Mount Morgan, Act I) — Arthur Miller In this quote, I think the author is trying to express life with no regrets. All any one can hope is to end up with all the right regrets. No one wants to live a life thinking what if or what could have happened in his or her life. Regrets are considered to be something that has be done that an individual is sad or disappointed over. I think individuals should not live with any regret, because at one time those regrets were something you wanted to experience. If people complete life with all the right regrets than there is nothing to actually regret. I really liked this quote, because when people think about their lives, every one wants to be happy in all the decisions that were made throughout life’s journey. â€Å"Human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe.† (The Outline of History, Ch. 41) —H. G. Wells Everyone tries to learn from mistakes. In history, the world has continued to be consistant in making mistakes and trying to resolve them. I think this quote presents that if people do not learn from mistakes that mistakes will continue to be made. I think the race for education such as advancement of technology could result in a postiive outcome for the human race or it could be catastrophic. It could mean that if we continue to educate ourselves then we can overcome anything destructive. â€Å"The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe—the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God. We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of  those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world. Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty.† — John F. Kennedy (1961 Inaugural Address) After viewing this quote, I feel as though I should have a better understanding of what is being communicated. The United States has been through strong ups and weak hardships, but through everything we should still stay committed and dedicated to our nation. I think the last sentence expresses the main point that is trying to be achieved, that even if nations do not show us kindness at times that we will also present success of freedom and will be at aid for all nations. I think this is directed to show that every one during this time has experienced hard ship of war and struggles, but as a nation we will come together and over come any boundaries in the way of achieving greatness. â€Å"In a sense we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the ‘unalienable Rights’ of ‘Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.’ It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked ‘insufficient funds.’ But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we’ve come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.† — Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963 â€Å"I have a dream† speech) During this time in history, the speech was presented to give awareness to all Americans about the way race was being held over opportunity. After the Constitution and Declaration of Independence were signed every American were held to live by these guidelines and laws. America failed in abiding by these rights in America’s history. America considered races other than white to be negative instead of positive. In a sense the awareness of these rights were considered to be a check to the world to present the security of justice and freedom once again to everyone no matter race. Resources Kennedy, J. F. (1961, January 20). Inaugural address. Presidential inauguration, Washington, DC. Retrieved from: http://www.historystudycenter.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/search/displaySuitemAsciiItemById.do?QueryName=suitem&fromPage=studyunit&ItemID=28545&resource=prd. King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). â€Å"I have a dream† speech. Lincoln Memorial, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.historystudycenter.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/search/displayReferenceItemById.do?QueryName=reference&fromPage=studyunit&ItemID=phs00159&fromPage=studyunit&resource=ref WikiQuote. Retrieved from http://www.wikiquote.org.